{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T02:26:02Z","timestamp":1766888762154,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To evaluate the effect of in ovo administration of inulin and <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis<\/jats:italic> on immune-related gene expression in broiler chickens.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 45 Ross broilers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> On day 12 of embryonic development, 360 eggs were equally allocated among 3 treatment groups and injected with 0.2 mL of a solution that contained 1.76 mg of inulin (prebiotic group) or 1.76 mg of inulin enriched with 1,000 CFUs of <jats:italic>L lactis<\/jats:italic> subsp <jats:italic>lactis<\/jats:italic> 2955 (synbiotic group), or they were injected with 0.2 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control). At 1, 14, and 35 days after hatching, 5 male birds from each group were euthanized, and the spleen and cecal tonsils were harvested for determination of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-18, cluster of differentiation 80, interferon-\u03b2, and interferon-\u03b3 expression by means of a reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay. Gene expressions in the cecal tonsils and spleens of chickens in the prebiotic and synbiotic groups were compared with those of control chickens at each tissue collection time.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Compared with control birds, immune-related gene expression was downregulated in birds in the prebiotic and synbiotic groups, and the magnitude of that downregulation was more pronounced in the cecal tonsils than in the spleen and increased with age.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results indicated that in ovo administration of a prebiotic or synbiotic to broilers was associated with downregulation of immune-related gene expression in the cecal tonsils and spleen. The magnitude of that downregulation increased with age and was most likely caused by stabilization of the gastrointestinal microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.11.975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T20:05:43Z","timestamp":1446149143000},"page":"975-982","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Effect of in ovo administration of inulin and Lactococcus lactis on immune-related gene expression in broiler chickens"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"P\u0142owiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"S\u0142awi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Z.","family":"Siwek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek F.","family":"Bednarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Avian Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/03079451003786105","article-title":"Locations of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the 3-month-old chicken: a review","volume":"39","author":"Casteleyn","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022811-101137","article-title":"Egg yolk antibodies for passive immunity","volume":"3","author":"Kovacs-Nolan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3317827","article-title":"The chicken B compartment","volume":"238","author":"Weill","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Mol Cell Biochem","first-page":"135","article-title":"Nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes and lymphocyte differentiation","volume":"28","author":"Barton","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Dev Comp Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2005.06.018","article-title":"Antibodies, immunoglobulin genes and the bursa of Fabricius in chicken B cell development","volume":"30","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Annu Rev Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.001251","article-title":"Avian B-cell development: generation of an immunoglobulin repertoire by gene conversion","volume":"9","author":"McCormack","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Med Welt","first-page":"265","article-title":"The structure and functions of the immune system in birds [in Polish]","volume":"64","author":"Rumi\u0144ska","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Anim Health Res Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625230800145X","article-title":"Interactions between commensal bacteria and the gut-associated immune system of the chicken","volume":"9","author":"Brisbin","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Pol J Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2014-0057","article-title":"Chicken intestinal microbiota function with a special emphasis on the role of probiotic bacteria","volume":"17","author":"Cisek","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Poult Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.4.627","article-title":"Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production","volume":"82","author":"Patterson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics","volume":"111","author":"de Vrese","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Anim Health Res Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005103","article-title":"Probiotic alternatives to reduce gastrointestinal infections: the poultry experience","volume":"6","author":"Nava","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530314666141216121349","article-title":"Role of probiotics and functional foods in health: gut immune stimulation by two probiotic strains and a potential probiotic yoghurt","volume":"15","author":"Maldonado Galdeano","year":"2015"},{"article-title":"Nutrigenomics: implications for prebiotics and intestinal health","series-title":"Proceedings. 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