{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:39:33Z","timestamp":1790962773474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To monitor concentrations of sulfadimidine in the paranasal sinus mucosa (PSM) of unsedated horses following IV administration of trimethoprim-sulfadimidine via in vivo microdialysis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 10 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Concentric microdialysis probes were implanted into the subepithelial layers of the frontal sinus mucosa of standing sedated horses. Four hours after implantation, trimethoprim-sulfadimidine (30 mg\/kg) was administered IV every 24 hours for 2 days; dialysate and plasma samples were collected at intervals during that 48-hour period and analyzed for concentrations of sulfadimidine. The dialysate concentration and relative loss of sulfadimidine from the perfusate were used to calculate the PSM concentration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Microdialysis probe implantation and subsequent in vivo microdialysis were successfully performed for all 10 horses. Following the first and second administration of trimethoprim-sulfadimidine, mean \u00b1 SD peak concentrations of sulfadimidine were 55.3 \u00b1 10.3 \u03bcg\/mL and 51.5 \u00b1 8.7 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively, in plasma and 9.6 \u00b1 4.5 \u03bcg\/mL and 7.0 \u00b1 3.3 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively, in the PSM. Peak sulfadimidine concentrations in the PSM were detected at 5.9 \u00b1 2.7 hours and 5.4 \u00b1 2.3 hours following the first and second drug administrations, respectively. For 12 hours, mean PSM sulfadimidine concentration remained greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration indicative of sulfonamide susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates (4.75 \u03bcg\/mL).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> In vivo microdialysis for continuous monitoring of PSM sulfadimidine concentrations in unsedated horses was feasible. Intravenous administration of trimethoprim (5 mg\/kg) and sulfadimidine (25 mg\/kg) proved likely to be efficient for treating sinusitis caused by highly susceptible pathogens, providing that the dosing interval is 12 hours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.4.318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T21:19:47Z","timestamp":1427491187000},"page":"318-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Application of in vivo microdialysis for investigation of unbound drug concentrations of intravenously administered sulfadimidine in the paranasal sinus mucosa of horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Astrid","family":"Bienert-Zeit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Gietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Staszyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Kietzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ohnesorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Surgery","first-page":"533","article-title":"Nasal passages and paranasal sinuses","author":"Nickels","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2010.00176.x","article-title":"A review of equine paranasal sinusitis. 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