{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:22:36Z","timestamp":1771474956455,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To describe the ultrasonographic changes in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) and cricoarytenoideus lateralis (CAL) muscles of horses before and at various times during the 32 weeks after unilateral neurectomy of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 28 healthy Standardbreds.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> For each horse, the appearance of the CAD and CAL muscles on the right (neurectomized) and left (control) sides was serially monitored ultrasonographically by percutaneous (CAD and CAL) and transesophageal (CAD) approaches. The ultrasonographic images were assessed to determine the mean pixel intensity, muscle thickness, and appearance grade, and comparisons were made between the muscles of the neurectomized and control sides.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> The muscle appearance grade and mean pixel intensity for the CAL and CAD muscles on the neurectomized side were significantly increased by 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, after the neurectomy. The transesophageal approach enhanced the ultrasonographic visibility of the CAD muscle and allowed us to detect a significant decrease in the thickness of the CAD muscle on the neurectomized side over time, compared with thickness of the CAD muscle on the control side.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results suggested ultrasonography can be used to successfully assess the CAL and CAD muscles of horses. A qualitative grading scheme was sufficient for successful detection and monitoring of muscle atrophy and reduced the need for image standardization. The transesophageal approach described for assessment of the CAD muscle warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.5.426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T16:07:46Z","timestamp":1429891666000},"page":"426-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ultrasonographic detection of early atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Viel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff L.","family":"Caswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norm","family":"Ducharme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"N Z Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1986.35334","article-title":"Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. 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Muscle pathology","volume":"34","author":"Cahill","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690698","article-title":"The pathology of equine laryngeal hemiplegia","volume":"27","author":"Duncan","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Proceedings.","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ultrasonography as an aid in the diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses","author":"Chalmers","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00170.x","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the equine larynx","volume":"47","author":"Chalmers","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00216.x","article-title":"Association of treadmill upper airway endoscopic evaluation with results of ultrasonography and resting upper airway endoscopic evaluation","volume":"43","author":"Garrett","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01974.x","article-title":"Diagnostic sensitivity of subjective and quantitative laryngeal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses","volume":"53","author":"Chalmers","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10385","article-title":"Quantitative skeletal muscle ultrasonography in children with suspected neuromuscular disease","volume":"27","author":"Pillen","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.05.028","article-title":"Skeletal muscle ultrasonography: visual versus quantitative evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Pillen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21285","article-title":"Quantitative gray-scale analysis in skeletal muscle ultrasound: a comparison study of two ultrasound devices","volume":"39","author":"Pillen","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80286-2","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of muscle disease","volume":"101","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710600304","article-title":"Role of ultrasound in the assessment of vocal cord function in infants and children","volume":"106","author":"Friedman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00949.x","article-title":"The role of ultrasound in the assessment of laryngeal paralysis in the dog","volume":"42","author":"Rudorf","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.426.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.426.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.426.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:37:04Z","timestamp":1741351024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.426.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.76.5.426","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}}}