{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:28:44Z","timestamp":1787639324030,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To determine pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in dogs given an IV solution, oral suspension, and delayed-release tablet.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 6 healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Posaconazole was administered IV (3 mg\/kg) and as an oral suspension (6 mg\/kg) to dogs in a randomized crossover study. Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and for 48 hours after each dose. In an additional experiment, 5 of the dogs received posaconazole delayed-release tablets (mean dose, 6.9 mg\/kg); blood samples were collected for 96 hours. Plasma concentrations were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> IV solution terminal half-life (t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>) was 29 hours (coefficient of variation [CV], 23%). Clearance and volume of distribution were 78 mL\/h\/kg (CV, 59%) and 3.3 L\/kg (CV, 38%), respectively. Oral suspension t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> was 24 hours (CV, 42%). Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 0.42 \u03bcg\/mL (CV, 56%) was obtained at 7.7 hours (CV, 92%). Mean bioavailability was 26% (range, 7.8% to 160%). Delayed-release tablet t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> was 42 hours (CV, 25%), with a Cmax of 1.8 \u03bcg\/mL (CV, 44%) at 9.5 hours (CV, 85%). Mean bioavailability of tablets was 159% (range, 85% to 500%). Bioavailability of delayed-release tablets was 497% (range, 140% to 1,800%) relative to that of the oral suspension.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Absorption of posaconazole oral suspension in dogs was variable. Absorption of the delayed-release tablets was greater than absorption of the oral suspension, with a longer t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> that may favor its clinical use in dogs. Administration of delayed-release tablets at a dosage of 5 mg\/kg every other day can be considered for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.5.454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T16:07:46Z","timestamp":1429891666000},"page":"454-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Posaconazole pharmacokinetics after administration of an intravenous solution, oral suspension, and delayed-release tablet to dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Kendall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Papich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Canine and feline infectious diseases.","first-page":"87","article-title":"Chapter 9: antifungal drugs","author":"Sykes","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00163-06","article-title":"In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts","volume":"50","author":"Sabatelli","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(99)00489-2","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the anti-fungal agent SCH 56592 in dog serum","volume":"738","author":"Kim","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Mycoses","first-page":"110","article-title":"Posaconazole: when and how? The clinician's view","volume":"55","author":"Katragkou","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.727-731.2000","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of SCH 56592, a new azole broad-spectrum antifungal agent, in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"44","author":"Nomeir","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03732.x","article-title":"HPLC\/UV or bioassay: two valid methods for posaconazole quantification in human serum samples","volume":"18","author":"Cendejas-Bueno","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"USP 37-NF 32. General chapter on validation of compendial procedures","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Pharmacokinetics.","author":"Gibaldi","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks268","article-title":"A new solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole: a randomized clinical trial to investigate rising single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy volunteers","volume":"67","author":"Krishna","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2788-2795.2003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults","volume":"47","author":"Courtney","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Posaconazole, Noxafil [package insert]","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt508","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antifungal agents: guidelines from the British Society for Medical Mycology","volume":"69","author":"Ashbee","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.64","article-title":"Exposure\u2013response of posaconazole used for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections: evaluating the need to adjust doses based on drug concentrations in plasma","volume":"88","author":"Jang","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Transl Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1515\/jtim-2013-0006","article-title":"Current status of in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of posaconazole","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00604.x","article-title":"Bioavailability and its assessment","volume":"27","author":"Toutain","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00600.x","article-title":"Plasma terminal half-life","volume":"27","author":"Toutain","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.454.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.454.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.454.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:37:12Z","timestamp":1741351032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/5\/ajvr.76.5.454.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.76.5.454","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}}}