{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T15:19:04Z","timestamp":1770218344593,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To compare the pharmacokinetics of various formulations of levetiracetam after oral administration of a single dose to healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 6 neurologically normal mixed-breed dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> A crossover study design was used. Blood samples for serum harvest were collected from each dog before and at various points after oral administration of one 500-mg tablet of each of 2 generic extended-release (ER) formulations, 1 brand-name ER formulation, or 1 brand-name immediate-release (IR) formulation of levetiracetam. Serum samples were analyzed to determine pharmacokinetic properties of each formulation by means of ultra\u2013high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> No dogs had clinically important adverse effects for any formulation of levetiracetam. All ER formulations had a significantly lower maximum serum drug concentration and longer time to achieve that concentration than did the IR formulation. Half-lives and elimination rate constants did not differ significantly among formulations. Values for area under the drug concentration-versus-time curve did not differ significantly between ER formulations and the IR formulation; however, 1 generic ER formulation had a significantly lower area under the curve than did other ER formulations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> All ER formulations of levetiracetam had similar pharmacokinetic properties in healthy dogs, with some exceptions. Studies will be needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the various formulations; however, findings suggested that twice-daily administration of ER formulations may be efficacious in the treatment of seizures in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.8.719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]],"date-time":"2015-07-24T14:02:01Z","timestamp":1437746521000},"page":"719-723","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pharmacokinetic evaluation of immediate- and extended-release formulations of levetiracetam in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Lindsay B.","family":"Boozer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon R.","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison C.","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amie V.","family":"Linville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00934.x","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone in canine epilepsy: a comparison","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00290.x","article-title":"Prospective study of zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy in dogs","volume":"48","author":"von Klopmann","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00866.x","article-title":"Evaluation of levetiracetam as adjunctive treatment for refractory canine epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"26","author":"Munana","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"881","article-title":"Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"159","author":"Platt","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.03.002","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs","volume":"176","author":"Volk","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00948.x","article-title":"Intramuscular, intravenous and oral levetiracetam in dogs: safety and pharmacokinetics","volume":"31","author":"Patterson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01817.x","article-title":"Once-daily extended-release levetiracetam as adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Peltola","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"192","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam","volume":"44","author":"Wright","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.2165\/10898530-000000000-00000","article-title":"Seizure outcomes following the use of generic versus brand-name antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Kellelheim","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-202","article-title":"Is switching from brand name to generic formulations of phenobarbital associated with loss of antiepileptic efficacy? A pharmacokinetic study with two oral formulations (Luminal vet, Phenoleptil) in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Bankstahl","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"31","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in healthy dogs concurrently receiving phenobarbital","volume":"34","author":"Moore","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/8\/ajvr.76.8.719.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/8\/ajvr.76.8.719.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/8\/ajvr.76.8.719.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:36:46Z","timestamp":1741351006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/8\/ajvr.76.8.719.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.76.8.719","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}}}