{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:41:28Z","timestamp":1791402088919,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone (delivered in combination with acetaminophen) and tramadol in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 50 client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Dogs were randomly assigned to receive tramadol hydrochloride (5 to 7 mg\/kg, PO, q 8 h; tramadol group) or hydrocodone bitartrate\u2013acetaminophen (0.5 to 0.6 mg of hydrocodone\/kg, PO, q 8 h; hydrocodone group) following TPLO with standard anesthetic and surgical protocols. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis of study drugs and their metabolites over an 8-hour period beginning after the second dose of the study medication.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> The terminal half-life, maximum serum concentration, and time to maximum serum concentration for tramadol following na\u00efve pooled modeling were 1.56 hours, 155.6 ng\/mL, and 3.90 hours, respectively. Serum concentrations of the tramadol metabolite <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-desmethyltramadol (M1) were low. For hydrocodone, maximum serum concentration determined by na\u00efve pooled modeling was 7.90 ng\/mL, and time to maximum serum concentration was 3.47 hours. The terminal half-life for hydrocodone was 15.85 hours, but was likely influenced by delayed drug absorption in some dogs and may not have been a robust estimate. Serum concentrations of hydromorphone were low.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> The pharmacokinetics of tramadol and metabolites were similar to those in previous studies. Serum tramadol concentrations varied widely, and concentrations of the active M1 metabolite were low. Metabolism of hydrocodone to hydromorphone in dogs was poor. Further study is warranted to assess variables that affect metabolism and efficacy of these drugs in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.9.763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,26]],"date-time":"2015-08-26T15:36:56Z","timestamp":1440603416000},"page":"763-770","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone and tramadol administered for control of postoperative pain in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Marian E.","family":"Benitez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James 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