{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:54:04Z","timestamp":1783569244819,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To compare regional proportions and spatial distributions of volumetric bone mineral density (BMDv) of the palmar aspect of the distal epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone (McIII) in limbs with or without a condylar fracture from Thoroughbred racehorses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>SAMPLE<\/jats:bold>\n                    McIIIs from cadavers of Thoroughbred racehorses with (n = 6 bones) and without (8) a condylar fracture.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    BMDv and spatial distributions of BMDv in peripheral quantitative CT images of the distal epiphysis of McIIIs were quantitatively assessed with spatial analysis software. Relative proportions of voxels within 9 threshold categories of BMDv and spatial statistics for BMDv distribution were compared between fractured and nonfractured limbs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    No significant differences in BMDv characteristics were identified between fractured and nonfractured limbs, although fractured limbs had a lower proportion of voxels in the BMDv thresholds 700 to &lt; 800 mg\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 800 to &lt; 900 mg\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    but a higher proportion of voxels in the BMDv threshold 1,000 to &lt; 1,100 mg\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    for the central condylar region of the medial condyle. Results of spatial analysis reflected the response of bone to race training rather than differences between fractured and nonfractured limbs. In both limb groups, uniform clusters of low BMDv with areas of high BMDv were identified.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    BMDv characteristics of the distal epiphysis of McIII reflected training load, and fracture characteristics were subtle. Serial imaging techniques in conjunction with detailed training data are required to elucidate the onset of the pathological response to load in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.1.32","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T10:01:15Z","timestamp":1451296875000},"page":"32-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Quantitative comparison of bone mineral density characteristics of the distal epiphysis of third metacarpal bones from Thoroughbred racehorses with or without condylar fracture"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Sophie H.","family":"Bogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris W.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Bolwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendi","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Wayne","family":"McIlwraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1418","article-title":"Training failure among yearling horses","volume":"62","author":"Hernandez","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.x","article-title":"Causes of death in racehorses over a 2-year period","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"167","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of fractures occurring in British Thoroughbred racehorses in training","volume":"36","author":"Verheyen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03822.x","article-title":"Results of treatment of 145 fractures of the third metacarpal metatarsal condyles in 135 horses (1986\u20131994)","volume":"31","author":"Zekas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Longitudinal fractures of the condyles of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in racehorses: 224 cases (1986\u20131995)","volume":"212","author":"Bassage LH","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04365.x","article-title":"Some observations on condylar fractures of the 3rd metacarpus and 3rd metatarsus in young Thoroughbreds","volume":"26","author":"Ellis","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.10.009","article-title":"Catastrophic fracture of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpus\/metatarsus in UK racehorses\u2014fracture descriptions and pre-existing pathology","volume":"171","author":"Parkin","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"287","article-title":"Condylar fractures of the third metacarpal bone and third metatarsal bone in 75 horses\u2014radiographic features, treatments, and outcome","volume":"183","author":"Rick","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03807.x","article-title":"Pathology of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of the horse","volume":"31","author":"Riggs","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03821.x","article-title":"Characterisation of the type and location of fractures of the third metacarpal metatarsal condyles in 135 horses in central Kentucky (1986\u20131994)","volume":"31","author":"Zekas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.05.025","article-title":"Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses","volume":"39","author":"Verheyen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.07.019","article-title":"Third metacarpal condylar fatigue fractures in equine athletes occur within previously modelled subchondral bone","volume":"47","author":"Whitton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03803.x","article-title":"Aetiopathogenesis of parasagittal fractures of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones\u2014review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Riggs","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2004.04007.x","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopic examination of third metacarpal\/third metatarsal bone failure surfaces in Thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fracture","volume":"33","author":"Stepnik","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"N Z Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2005.36487","article-title":"Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones","volume":"53","author":"Firth","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00138-3","article-title":"Stiff and strong compressive properties are associated with brittle post-yield behavior in equine compact bone material","volume":"20","author":"Les","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00253-6","article-title":"Subchondral bone failure in an equine model of overload arthrosis","volume":"22","author":"Norrdin","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact","first-page":"251","article-title":"Subchondral bone failure in overload arthrosis: a scanning electron microscopic study in horses","volume":"6","author":"Norrdin","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet 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imposition and withdrawal of training in young Thoroughbred horses","volume":"192","author":"Firth","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2007.12.001","article-title":"Multiple pathways to osteoarthritis and articular fractures: is subchondral bone the culprit?","volume":"24","author":"Cruz","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.8.1545","article-title":"Improved bone structure and strength after long-term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts","volume":"17","author":"Robling","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080417","article-title":"Fatigue fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training","volume":"8","author":"Nunamaker","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the remodeling response of the proximal sesamoid bones to training-related stimuli in Thoroughbreds","volume":"52","author":"Young","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1418","article-title":"Training failure among yearling horses","volume":"62","author":"Hernandez","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.x","article-title":"Causes of death in racehorses over a 2-year period","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"167","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of fractures occurring in British Thoroughbred racehorses in training","volume":"36","author":"Verheyen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03822.x","article-title":"Results of treatment of 145 fractures of the third metacarpal metatarsal condyles in 135 horses (1986\u20131994)","volume":"31","author":"Zekas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Longitudinal fractures of the condyles of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in racehorses: 224 cases (1986\u20131995)","volume":"212","author":"Bassage LH","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04365.x","article-title":"Some observations on condylar fractures of the 3rd metacarpus and 3rd metatarsus in young Thoroughbreds","volume":"26","author":"Ellis","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.10.009","article-title":"Catastrophic fracture of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpus\/metatarsus in UK racehorses\u2014fracture descriptions and pre-existing pathology","volume":"171","author":"Parkin","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"287","article-title":"Condylar fractures of the third metacarpal bone and third metatarsal bone in 75 horses\u2014radiographic features, treatments, and outcome","volume":"183","author":"Rick","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03807.x","article-title":"Pathology of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of the horse","volume":"31","author":"Riggs","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03821.x","article-title":"Characterisation of the type and location of fractures of the third metacarpal metatarsal condyles in 135 horses in central Kentucky (1986\u20131994)","volume":"31","author":"Zekas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.05.025","article-title":"Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses","volume":"39","author":"Verheyen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.07.019","article-title":"Third metacarpal condylar fatigue fractures in equine athletes occur within previously modelled subchondral bone","volume":"47","author":"Whitton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03803.x","article-title":"Aetiopathogenesis of parasagittal fractures of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones\u2014review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Riggs","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2004.04007.x","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopic examination of third metacarpal\/third metatarsal bone failure surfaces in Thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fracture","volume":"33","author":"Stepnik","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"N Z Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2005.36487","article-title":"Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones","volume":"53","author":"Firth","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00138-3","article-title":"Stiff and strong compressive properties are associated with brittle post-yield behavior in equine compact bone material","volume":"20","author":"Les","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00253-6","article-title":"Subchondral bone failure in an equine model of overload arthrosis","volume":"22","author":"Norrdin","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact","first-page":"251","article-title":"Subchondral bone failure in overload arthrosis: a scanning electron microscopic study in horses","volume":"6","author":"Norrdin","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet 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racehorses","volume":"24","author":"Parkin","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Anim Prod Sci","article-title":"Descriptive statistics and the pattern of horse racing in New Zealand: part 1 Thoroughbred racing [Published online ahead of print Dec 2, 2014]","author":"Bolwell"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2014.06.017","article-title":"Profile and surface conditions of New Zealand Thoroughbred racetracks","volume":"34","author":"Rogers","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Anim Prod Sci","first-page":"1075","article-title":"The movement pattern of horses around race meetings in New Zealand","volume":"55","author":"Rosanowski","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.05.016","article-title":"The effect of previous conditioning exercise on diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone responses to 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