{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:31:17Z","timestamp":1778279477773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To evaluate the effect of IM administration of a tiletamine hydrochloride\u2013zolazepam hydrochloride (TZ) combination with either dexmedetomidine hydrochloride or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (SS) on the motor response to claw clamping, selected cardiorespiratory variables, and quality of recovery from anesthesia in alpacas.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold>\n                    5 adult sexually intact male alpacas.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    Each alpaca was given the TZ combination (2 mg\/kg) with dexmedetomidine (5 [D5], 10 [D10], 15 [D15], or 20 [D20] \u00b5g\/kg) or SS IM at 1-week intervals (5 experiments); motor response to claw clamping was assessed, and characteristics of anesthesia, recovery from anesthesia, and selected cardiorespiratory variables were recorded.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    Mean \u00b1 SEM duration of lack of motor response to claw clamping was longest when alpacas received treatments D15 (30.9 \u00b1 5.9 minutes) and D20 (40.8 \u00b1 5.9 minutes). Duration of lateral recumbency was significantly longer with dexmedetomidine administration. The longest time (81.3 \u00b1 10.4 minutes) to standing was observed when alpacas received treatment D20. Following treatment SS, 4 alpacas moved in response to claw clamping at the 5-minute time point. Heart rate decreased from pretreatment values in all alpacas when dexmedetomidine was administered. Treatments D10, D15, and D20 decreased Pao\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , compared with treatment SS, during the first 15 minutes. During recovery, muscle stiffness and multiple efforts to regain a sternal position were observed in 3 SS-treated and 1 D5-treated alpacas; all other recoveries were graded as excellent.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    In TZ-anesthetized alpacas, dexmedetomidine (10, 15, and 20 \u00b5g\/kg) administered IM increased the duration of lack of motor response to claw clamping, compared with the effect of SS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.10.1057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T11:38:42Z","timestamp":1474889922000},"page":"1057-1063","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride on tiletamine hydrochloride\u2013zolazepam hydrochloride anesthesia in alpacas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Seddighi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agricola","family":"Odoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"535","article-title":"Choosing the best site to perform venipuncture in a llama","volume":"82","author":"Amsel","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2987.2004.00144.x","article-title":"A comparison of two intramuscular doses of xylazine-ketamine combination and tolazoline reversal in llamas","volume":"31","author":"DuBois","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet 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anesthesia","volume":"74","author":"Maze","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand Suppl","first-page":"55","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine decreases halothane anesthetic requirements in rats","volume":"85","author":"Segal","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199902001-00311","article-title":"Perioperative use of dexmedetomidine improves patient analgesia and provides sedation without increasing side effects","volume":"88","author":"Badner","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Physiologist","first-page":"31","article-title":"Method and simple apparatus for teaching the auscultatory method for measuring human blood pressure to large classes","volume":"23","author":"Geddes","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.2.182","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas","volume":"69","author":"Prado","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"117","article-title":"Telazol and xylazine anesthesia in sheep","volume":"83","author":"Lin","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(92)90492-X","article-title":"Antinociceptive properties of tiletamine-zolazepam improved by addition of xylazine or butorphanol","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.2.198","article-title":"Immobilization and physiological parameters associated with chemical restraint of wild pigs with Telazol(R) and xylazine hydrochloride","volume":"33","author":"Sweitzer","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R287","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00123.2002","article-title":"Physiological significance of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtype diversity: one receptor is not enough","volume":"283","author":"Philipp","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1997.00097.x","article-title":"The comparative hypoxaemic effect of four alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists (xylazine, romifidine, detomidine and medetomidine) in sheep","volume":"20","author":"Celly","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Lumb & Jones\u2019 veterinary anesthesia and analgesia.","first-page":"533","article-title":"Monitoring anesthetized patients","author":"Haskins","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.222.5.1239","article-title":"Effect of different levels of simulated altitude on O2 transport in llama and sheep","volume":"222","author":"Banchero","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Respir Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(71)90067-3","article-title":"Oxygen transport in the llama (Lama glama)","volume":"13","author":"Banchero","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.5.806","article-title":"Oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (Camelidae)","volume":"38","author":"Reynafarje","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Mammal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1644\/06-MAMM-S-199R1.1","article-title":"Hemoglobin function and physiological adaptation to hypoxia in high-altitude mammals","volume":"88","author":"Story","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"535","article-title":"Choosing the best site to perform 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review of the physiological effects of \u03b12-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice","volume":"44","author":"Sinclair","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199103000-00029","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia","volume":"74","author":"Maze","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand Suppl","first-page":"55","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine decreases halothane anesthetic requirements in rats","volume":"85","author":"Segal","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199902001-00311","article-title":"Perioperative use of dexmedetomidine improves patient analgesia and provides sedation without increasing side effects","volume":"88","author":"Badner","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Physiologist","first-page":"31","article-title":"Method and simple apparatus for teaching the auscultatory method for measuring human blood pressure to large classes","volume":"23","author":"Geddes","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.2.182","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas","volume":"69","author":"Prado","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"117","article-title":"Telazol and xylazine anesthesia in sheep","volume":"83","author":"Lin","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(92)90492-X","article-title":"Antinociceptive properties of tiletamine-zolazepam improved by addition of xylazine or butorphanol","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.2.198","article-title":"Immobilization and physiological parameters associated with chemical restraint of wild pigs with Telazol(R) and xylazine hydrochloride","volume":"33","author":"Sweitzer","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R287","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00123.2002","article-title":"Physiological significance of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtype diversity: one receptor is not enough","volume":"283","author":"Philipp","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1997.00097.x","article-title":"The comparative hypoxaemic effect of four alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists (xylazine, romifidine, detomidine and medetomidine) in sheep","volume":"20","author":"Celly","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Lumb & Jones\u2019 veterinary anesthesia and analgesia.","first-page":"533","article-title":"Monitoring anesthetized patients","author":"Haskins","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.222.5.1239","article-title":"Effect of different levels of simulated altitude on O2 transport in llama and sheep","volume":"222","author":"Banchero","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Respir Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(71)90067-3","article-title":"Oxygen transport in the llama (Lama glama)","volume":"13","author":"Banchero","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.5.806","article-title":"Oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (Camelidae)","volume":"38","author":"Reynafarje","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Mammal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1644\/06-MAMM-S-199R1.1","article-title":"Hemoglobin function and physiological adaptation to hypoxia in high-altitude mammals","volume":"88","author":"Story","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary 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