{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:04:41Z","timestamp":1792623881182,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To determine clinical effects of CT-guided lumbosacral facet joint, transforaminal epidural, and translaminar epidural injections of methylprednisolone acetate in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 15 healthy Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups (5 dogs\/group) and received a single CT-guided lumbosacral facet joint, transforaminal epidural, or translaminar epidural injection of methylprednisolone acetate (0.1 mg\/kg). Contrast medium was injected prior to injection of methylprednisolone to verify needle placement. Neurologic examinations were performed 1, 3, 7, and 10 days after the injection. In dogs with neurologic abnormalities, a final neurologic examination was performed 24 days after the procedure.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Methylprednisolone injections were successfully performed in 14 of the 15 dogs. In 1 dog, vascular puncture occurred, and the methylprednisolone injection was not performed. No major or minor complications were identified during or immediately after the procedure, other than mild transient hyperthermia. During follow-up neurologic examinations, no motor, sensory, or postural deficits were identified, other than mild alterations in the patellar, withdrawal, cranial tibial, and perineal reflexes in some dogs. Overall, altered reflexes were observed in 11 of the 14 dogs, during 27 of 65 neurologic examinations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results suggested that CT-guided lumbosacral facet joint, transforaminal epidural, and translaminar epidural injections of methylprednisolone acetate were associated with few complications in healthy dogs. However, the number of dogs evaluated was small, and additional studies are needed to assess clinical efficacy and safety of these procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.10.1132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T15:38:42Z","timestamp":1474904322000},"page":"1132-1139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Clinical effects of computed tomography\u2013guided lumbosacral facet joint, transforaminal epidural, and translaminar epidural injections of methylprednisolone acetate in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Annalisa P.","family":"Liotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Girod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Sandersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Couvreur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Bolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.006","article-title":"Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Meij","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"A pratical guide to canine and feline neurology","first-page":"389","article-title":"Disorders of the cauda equina","author":"Dewey","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Small animal spinal disorders: diagnosis and surgery","first-page":"181","article-title":"Lumbosacral disease","author":"Sharp","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Improved exposure of the lumbosacral foramen using iliac osteotomy: preliminary results in 5 dogs with severe foraminal stenosis","first-page":"363","author":"Saulnier-Troff","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1053\/tvir.2002.36426","article-title":"Image-guided epidural steroid injections","volume":"5","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Biomed Imaging Interv J","first-page":"Se4","article-title":"Image-guided facet joint injection","volume":"7","author":"Peh","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Radiographics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.4.g01jl15927","article-title":"Imaging-guided injection techniques with fluoroscopy and CT for spinal pain management","volume":"21","author":"Silbergleit","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3283628e87","article-title":"Epidural steroids for spinal pain and radiculopathy: a narrative, evidence-based review","volume":"26","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"697","article-title":"Epidurography and therapeutic epidural injections: technical considerations and experience with 5334 cases","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Pain Physician","first-page":"493","article-title":"Clinical and histological effects of the intrathecal administration of methylprednisolone in dogs","volume":"13","author":"Lima","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2014.03.010","article-title":"Paraplegia following lumbosacral steroid epidural injections","volume":"26","author":"AbdeleRahman","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"502","article-title":"Incorrect needle position during lumbar epidural steroid administration: inaccuracy of loss of air pressure resistance and requirement of fluoroscopy and epidurography during needle insertion","volume":"26","author":"Bartynski","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"CT- and MR-guided interventions in radiology","first-page":"363","article-title":"Interventional pain management","author":"Hoeltje","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-08-07-0055","article-title":"Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. 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