{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:24:57Z","timestamp":1788942297130,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To assess feasibility of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) in awake dogs, determine whether specific variables associated with the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing can be recognized, and evaluate the safety and tolerability of FEES.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold>\n                    6 healthy client-owned large- and giant-breed adult dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    A topical anesthetic was applied to the nasal passage of each dog, and a fiberoptic endoscope was passed transnasally until the tip of the scope was positioned in the oropharynx. All dogs voluntarily drank colored water followed by consumption of a commercial canned diet and then a kibble diet mixed with food color. During each swallow, laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomic structures were evaluated and depth of bolus flow prior to the pharyngeal phase of swallowing was assessed. Evidence of bolus retention in the vallecula or pyriform sinuses and laryngeal penetration of the bolus were recorded.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    FEES was completed without major adverse events and was tolerated well by all 6 dogs. Mild, self-limiting epistaxis was noted for 2 dogs. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were observed in all dogs; movement of food boluses through the esophagus was observed in 2 dogs, and food boluses in the stomach were visible in 1 dog. Pharyngeal and laryngeal function was considered physiologically normal in all dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    FEES appeared to be a feasible diagnostic tool for use in large- and giant-breed dogs. Studies are warranted in dogs with oropharyngeal dysphagia to determine whether FEES can be tolerated and whether it can augment videofluoroscopy findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.3.294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T10:30:15Z","timestamp":1456482615000},"page":"294-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Feasibility of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Stanley L.","family":"Marks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Douthitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Belafsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1979.tb01187.x","article-title":"Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study","volume":"20","author":"Watrous","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01862.x","article-title":"Quantitative videofluoroscopic evaluation of pharyngeal function in the dog","volume":"41","author":"Pollard","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00232.x","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of the pharyngeal constrictor ratio (PCR) for fluoroscopic determination of pharyngeal constriction in dysphagic dogs","volume":"48","author":"Pollard","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.344","article-title":"Inheritance of cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Golden Retrievers","volume":"65","author":"Davidson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Kirk's current veterinary therapy XV","first-page":"495","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia","author":"Marks","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-005-0018-9","article-title":"Silent aspiration: what do we know?","volume":"20","author":"Ramsey","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21002","article-title":"Effect of cricopharyngeus muscle surgery on the pharynx","volume":"120","author":"Allen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s004550010004","article-title":"Timing of events in normal swallowing: a videofluoroscopic study","volume":"15","author":"Kendall","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02414429","article-title":"Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing safety: a new procedure","volume":"2","author":"Langmore","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s004559910008","article-title":"The safety of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST): an analysis of 500 consecutive evaluations","volume":"15","author":"Aviv","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00319.x","article-title":"Arytenoid cartilage movement in resting and exercising horses","volume":"20","author":"Rakestraw","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00331.x","article-title":"The reliability of endoscopic examination in assessment of arytenoid cartilage movement in horses. Part I. Subjective and objective laryngeal evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Hackett","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00332.x","article-title":"The reliability of endoscopic examination in assessment of arytenoid cartilage movement in horses. Part II. Influence of side of examination, reexamination, and sedation","volume":"20","author":"Ducharme","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Effects of chemical restraint on the endoscopic appearance of laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy and sensation in cattle","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5326\/0400211","article-title":"Transnasal laryngoscopy for the diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Radlinsky","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00506.x","article-title":"Comparison of three clinical techniques for the diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Radlinsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.3.1017","article-title":"Influence of central antitussive drugs on the cough motor pattern","volume":"86","author":"Bolser","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2004.04016.x","article-title":"Effects of various anesthetic agents on laryngeal motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs","volume":"33","author":"Jackson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Gut Liver","first-page":"623","article-title":"Adding endoscopist-directed flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing to the videofluoroscopic swallowing study increased the detection rates of penetration, aspiration, and pharyngeal residue","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318123ee6a","article-title":"Assessing penetration and aspiration: how do videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing compare?","volume":"117","author":"Kelly","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2006.01292.x","article-title":"Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and videofluoroscopy: does examination type influence perception of pharyngeal residue severity?","volume":"31","author":"Kelly","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949110000815","article-title":"Endoscopic and videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing and aspiration","volume":"100","author":"Langmore","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009544","article-title":"Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of dysphagia to identify silent aspiration","volume":"13","author":"Leder","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1979.tb01187.x","article-title":"Normal swallowing in the dog: a cineradiographic study","volume":"20","author":"Watrous","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01862.x","article-title":"Quantitative videofluoroscopic evaluation of pharyngeal function in the dog","volume":"41","author":"Pollard","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00232.x","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of the pharyngeal constrictor ratio (PCR) for fluoroscopic determination of pharyngeal constriction in dysphagic dogs","volume":"48","author":"Pollard","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.344","article-title":"Inheritance of cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Golden Retrievers","volume":"65","author":"Davidson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Kirk's current veterinary therapy XV","first-page":"495","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia","author":"Marks","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-005-0018-9","article-title":"Silent aspiration: what do we know?","volume":"20","author":"Ramsey","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21002","article-title":"Effect of cricopharyngeus muscle surgery on the pharynx","volume":"120","author":"Allen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s004550010004","article-title":"Timing of events in normal swallowing: a videofluoroscopic study","volume":"15","author":"Kendall","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02414429","article-title":"Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing safety: a new procedure","volume":"2","author":"Langmore","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s004559910008","article-title":"The safety of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST): an analysis of 500 consecutive evaluations","volume":"15","author":"Aviv","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00319.x","article-title":"Arytenoid cartilage movement in resting and exercising horses","volume":"20","author":"Rakestraw","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00331.x","article-title":"The reliability of endoscopic examination in assessment of arytenoid cartilage movement in horses. Part I. Subjective and objective laryngeal evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Hackett","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00332.x","article-title":"The reliability of endoscopic examination in assessment of arytenoid cartilage movement in horses. Part II. Influence of side of examination, reexamination, and sedation","volume":"20","author":"Ducharme","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Effects of chemical restraint on the endoscopic appearance of laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy and sensation in cattle","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5326\/0400211","article-title":"Transnasal laryngoscopy for the diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Radlinsky","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00506.x","article-title":"Comparison of three clinical techniques for the diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Radlinsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.3.1017","article-title":"Influence of central antitussive drugs on the cough motor pattern","volume":"86","author":"Bolser","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2004.04016.x","article-title":"Effects of various anesthetic agents on laryngeal motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs","volume":"33","author":"Jackson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Gut Liver","first-page":"623","article-title":"Adding endoscopist-directed flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing to the videofluoroscopic swallowing study increased the detection rates of penetration, aspiration, and pharyngeal residue","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318123ee6a","article-title":"Assessing penetration and aspiration: how do videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing compare?","volume":"117","author":"Kelly","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2006.01292.x","article-title":"Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and videofluoroscopy: does examination type influence perception of pharyngeal residue severity?","volume":"31","author":"Kelly","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949110000815","article-title":"Endoscopic and videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing and aspiration","volume":"100","author":"Langmore","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Dysphagia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009544","article-title":"Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of dysphagia to identify silent aspiration","volume":"13","author":"Leder","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/3\/ajvr.77.3.294.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/3\/ajvr.77.3.294.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/3\/ajvr.77.3.294.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:08:39Z","timestamp":1775765319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/3\/ajvr.77.3.294.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.77.3.294","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}}}