{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:08:44Z","timestamp":1788278924380,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To describe the perfusion and diffusion characteristics of the liver in healthy dogs as determined by morphological, perfusion-weighted, and diffusion-weighted MRI.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 11 healthy adult Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Each dog was anesthetized and underwent morphological, perfusion-weighted, and diffusion-weighted MRI of the cranial aspect of the abdomen. On the MRI images, a region of interest (ROI) was established for each of 6 structures (aorta, caudal vena cava, portal vein, hepatic parenchyma, splenic parenchyma, and skeletal [epaxial] muscle). The signal intensity was determined, and a time-intensity curve was generated for each ROI. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated for the hepatic and splenic parenchyma in diffusion-weighted MRI images, and the normalized ADC for the liver was calculated as the ratio of the ADC for the hepatic parenchyma to the ADC for the splenic parenchyma. Dogs also underwent abdominal ultrasonography, and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirate samples and biopsy specimens were obtained from the liver for cytologic and histologic examination.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Cytologic and histologic results suggested that the liver was clinically normal in all dogs. Perfusion-weighted MRI parameters varied among the 6 ROIs. The mean \u00b1 SD ADC of the hepatic parenchyma was 0.84 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/s \u00b1 0.17 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/s, and the mean normalized ADC for the liver was 1.8 \u00b1 0.4.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results provided preliminary baseline information about the diffusion and perfusion characteristics of the liver in healthy dogs. Additional studies on dogs of various breeds with and without hepatopathies are necessary to validate and refine these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.5.463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T17:39:49Z","timestamp":1461605989000},"page":"463-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Perfusion- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the liver of healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Del Chicca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Grest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.03.016","article-title":"Diffusion and perfusion imaging of the liver","volume":"76","author":"Chandarana","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.2.212","article-title":"Statistical relevance of ultrasonographic criteria in the assessment of diffuse liver disease in dogs and cats","volume":"69","author":"Feeney","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12116","article-title":"Effects of gadoxetate disodium (EOVIST\u00ae) contrast on magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the liver in clinically healthy dogs","volume":"55","author":"Marks","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01949.x","article-title":"Comparison of abdominal computed tomography and abdominal ultrasound in sedated dogs","volume":"53","author":"Fields","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1016","article-title":"Quantification of hepatic and renal cortical echogenicity in clinically normal cats","volume":"61","author":"Drost","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.02.005","article-title":"Update on hepatobiliary imaging","volume":"39","author":"Gaschen","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2010.07.002","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: parametric assessments beyond morphology","volume":"18","author":"Koh","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2261011904","article-title":"Evaluation of liver diffusion isotropy and characterization of focal hepatic lesions with two single-shot echo-planar MR imaging sequences: prospective study in 66 patients","volume":"226","author":"Taouli","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Radiographics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.296095521","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging in the abdomen and pelvis: concepts and applications","volume":"29","author":"Qayyum","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.09090021","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver","volume":"254","author":"Taouli","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Hepatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21747","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"46","author":"Lewin","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol","first-page":"81","article-title":"Contribution of diffusion-weighted MRI to the differential diagnosis of hepatic masses","volume":"13","author":"Demir","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.10.023","article-title":"Comparison between two-point and four-point methods for quantification of apparent diffusion coefficient of normal liver parenchyma and focal lesions. 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