{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T02:38:19Z","timestamp":1781231899403,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To evaluate the effect of MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , alone and in combination with propofol, on the minimum alveolar concentration preventing motor movement (MAC\n                    <jats:sub>NM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold>\n                    6 healthy purpose-bred adult male Beagles (least squares mean \u00b1 SEM body weight, 12.0 \u00b1 1.1 kg).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    Dogs were anesthetized 3 times at weekly intervals. The MAC\n                    <jats:sub>NM<\/jats:sub>\n                    was measured 45 minutes after induction of anesthesia (baseline; MAC\n                    <jats:sub>NM-B<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and was determined each time by use of a noxious electrical stimulus. Treatments were administered as a loading dose and constant rate infusion (CRI) as follows: treatment 1, MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    loading dose of 45 mg\/kg and CRI of 15 mg\/kg\/h; treatment 2, propofol loading dose of 4 mg\/kg and CRI of 9 mg\/kg\/h; and treatment 3, MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and propofol combination (same doses used previously for each drug). A mixed-model ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer tests were used to determine effects of each treatment on the percentage decrease from MAC\n                    <jats:sub>NM-B<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Data were reported as least squares mean \u00b1 SEM values.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    Decrease from MAC\n                    <jats:sub>NM-B<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 3.4 \u00b1 3.1%, 48.3 \u00b1 3.1%, and 50.3 \u00b1 3.1%, for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The decrease for treatments 2 and 3 was significantly different from that for treatment 1; however, no significant difference existed between results for treatments 2 and 3.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    did not affect MAC\n                    <jats:sub>NM<\/jats:sub>\n                    , nor did it potentiate the effects of propofol on MAC\n                    <jats:sub>NM<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Administration of MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    in this study appeared to provide no clinical advantage as an anesthetic adjuvant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.6.575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T12:43:16Z","timestamp":1464266596000},"page":"575-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of magnesium sulfate and propofol on the minimum alveolar concentration preventing motor movement in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Alanna N.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Seddighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barton W.","family":"Rohrbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry K.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Martin-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/83.2.302","article-title":"Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology","volume":"83","author":"Fawcett","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318210483d","article-title":"Magnesium\u2014essentials for anesthesiologists","volume":"114","author":"Herroeder","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018719","article-title":"The therapeutic use of magnesium in anesthesiology, intensive care and emergency medicine: a review","volume":"50","author":"Dub\u00e9","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03017852","article-title":"Magnesium potentiates neuromuscular blockade with cisatracurium during cardiac surgery","volume":"50","author":"Pinard","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199602000-00011","article-title":"Role of magnesium sulfate in postoperative analgesia","volume":"84","author":"Tramer","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Magnes Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2012.0315","article-title":"The effects of magnesium sulphate on desflurane requirement, early recovery and postoperative analgesia in laparascopic cholecystectomy","volume":"25","author":"Olgun","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Magnes Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0294","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of perioperative magnesium sulphate on minimal alveolar concentration of desflurane using bispectral index monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Tomak","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200211000-00017","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium sulfate administration reduces propofol infusion requirements during maintenance of propofol-N2O anesthesia","volume":"97","author":"Choi","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem407","article-title":"Effects of magnesium sulphate on intraoperative anaesthetic requirements and postoperative analgesia in gynaecology patients receiving total intravenous anaesthesia","volume":"100","author":"Ryu","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep265","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate has beneficial effects as an adjuvant during general anaesthesia for Caesarean section","volume":"103","author":"Lee","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of continuous intravenous magnesium infusion as an adjuvant to morphine for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Murphy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Agri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5505\/agri.2012.07078","article-title":"The role of magnesium in preventing postoperative hyperalgesia [in Turkish]","volume":"24","author":"Akarsu","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Anaesthesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07335.x","article-title":"Peri-operative intravenous administration of magnesium sulphate and postoperative pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Albrecht","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei070","article-title":"Effects of magnesium sulphate and clonidine on propofol consumption, haemodynamics and postoperative recovery","volume":"94","author":"Altan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol","first-page":"469","article-title":"Effects of different dose regimens of magnesium on pharmacodynamics and anesthetic requirements of balanced general anesthesia","volume":"37","author":"Khafagy","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","first-page":"997","article-title":"Calculated plasma medial effective concentration of propofol with and without magnesium sulfate at loss of consciousness","volume":"124","author":"Wu","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2007.00359.x","article-title":"Thiopental and halothane dose-sparing effects of magnesium sulphate in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200105000-00019","article-title":"Modulation of NMDA receptor function by ketamine and magnesium: part I","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200105000-00020","article-title":"Modulation of NMDA receptor function by ketamine and magnesium. Part II: interactions with volatile anesthetics","volume":"92","author":"Hollmann","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Magnes Res","first-page":"47","article-title":"Fluctuations in serum magnesium levels during total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol","volume":"9","author":"Nastou","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00615.x","article-title":"The effect of midazolam on the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane necessary to prevent movement in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Seddighi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12013","article-title":"The effect of fentanyl on the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration needed to prevent motor movement in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Reilly","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anesthetic interaction of propofol and sevoflurane on the minimum alveolar concentration preventing motor movement (MACNM) in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Singsank-Coats","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00620.x","article-title":"Twitch potentiation: a potential source of error during neuromuscular monitoring with acceleromyography in anesthetized dogs","volume":"38","author":"Martin-Flores","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199711000-00001","article-title":"Surrogate endpoints and neuromuscular recovery","volume":"87","author":"Kopman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.957","article-title":"Validation of several types of noxious stimuli for use in determining the minimum alveolar concentration for inhalation anesthetics in dogs and rabbits","volume":"64","author":"Valverde","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei291","article-title":"Effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on propofol requirements, haemodynamic variables and postoperative pain relief in gynaecological surgery","volume":"96","author":"Seyhan","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Indian J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.63659","article-title":"Effect of clonidine and magnesium sulphate on anaesthetic consumption, haemodynamics and postoperative recovery: a comparative study","volume":"54","author":"Ray","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00722.x","article-title":"Effects of a constant rate infusion of magnesium sulphate in healthy dogs anaesthetized with isoflurane and undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"39","author":"Rioja","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.12.1962","article-title":"Effects of ketamine and magnesium on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in goats","volume":"67","author":"Queiroz-Castro","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Anaesthesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2006.04801.x","article-title":"The role of magnesium as an adjuvant during general anaesthesia","volume":"61","author":"Gupta","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Opioid Manag","first-page":"105","article-title":"Effect of magnesium sulfate infusion on sevoflurane consumption, hemodynamics, and perioperative opioid consumption in lumbar disc surgery","volume":"4","author":"Oguzhan","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021505001778","article-title":"The effects of magnesium sulphate on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentrations and haemodynamic responses","volume":"23","author":"Durmus","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":". J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01467.x","article-title":"Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of magnesium sulfate in healthy dogs","volume":"13","author":"Nakayama","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(03)00059-X","article-title":"The relationship between ionized and total serum magnesium concentrations during abdominal surgery","volume":"15","author":"Lanzinger","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/83.2.302","article-title":"Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology","volume":"83","author":"Fawcett","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318210483d","article-title":"Magnesium\u2014essentials for anesthesiologists","volume":"114","author":"Herroeder","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018719","article-title":"The therapeutic use of magnesium in anesthesiology, intensive care and emergency medicine: a review","volume":"50","author":"Dub\u00e9","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03017852","article-title":"Magnesium potentiates neuromuscular blockade with cisatracurium during cardiac surgery","volume":"50","author":"Pinard","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199602000-00011","article-title":"Role of magnesium sulfate in postoperative analgesia","volume":"84","author":"Tramer","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Magnes Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2012.0315","article-title":"The effects of magnesium sulphate on desflurane requirement, early recovery and postoperative analgesia in laparascopic cholecystectomy","volume":"25","author":"Olgun","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Magnes Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0294","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of perioperative magnesium sulphate on minimal alveolar concentration of desflurane using bispectral index monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Tomak","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200211000-00017","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium sulfate administration reduces propofol infusion requirements during maintenance of propofol-N2O anesthesia","volume":"97","author":"Choi","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem407","article-title":"Effects of magnesium sulphate on intraoperative anaesthetic requirements and postoperative analgesia in gynaecology patients receiving total intravenous anaesthesia","volume":"100","author":"Ryu","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep265","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate has beneficial effects as an adjuvant during general anaesthesia for Caesarean section","volume":"103","author":"Lee","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of continuous intravenous magnesium infusion as an adjuvant to morphine for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Murphy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Agri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5505\/agri.2012.07078","article-title":"The role of magnesium in preventing postoperative hyperalgesia [in Turkish]","volume":"24","author":"Akarsu","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Anaesthesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07335.x","article-title":"Peri-operative intravenous administration of magnesium sulphate and postoperative pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Albrecht","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei070","article-title":"Effects of magnesium sulphate and clonidine on propofol consumption, haemodynamics and postoperative recovery","volume":"94","author":"Altan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol","first-page":"469","article-title":"Effects of different dose regimens of magnesium on pharmacodynamics and anesthetic requirements of balanced general anesthesia","volume":"37","author":"Khafagy","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","first-page":"997","article-title":"Calculated plasma medial effective concentration of propofol with and without magnesium sulfate at loss of consciousness","volume":"124","author":"Wu","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2007.00359.x","article-title":"Thiopental and halothane dose-sparing effects of magnesium sulphate in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200105000-00019","article-title":"Modulation of NMDA receptor function by ketamine and magnesium: part 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Part II: interactions with volatile anesthetics","volume":"92","author":"Hollmann","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Magnes Res","first-page":"47","article-title":"Fluctuations in serum magnesium levels during total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol","volume":"9","author":"Nastou","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00615.x","article-title":"The effect of midazolam on the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane necessary to prevent movement in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Seddighi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12013","article-title":"The effect of fentanyl on the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration needed to prevent motor movement in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Reilly","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anesthetic interaction of propofol and sevoflurane on the minimum alveolar concentration preventing motor movement (MACNM) in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Singsank-Coats","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00620.x","article-title":"Twitch potentiation: a potential source of error during neuromuscular monitoring with acceleromyography in anesthetized dogs","volume":"38","author":"Martin-Flores","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199711000-00001","article-title":"Surrogate endpoints and neuromuscular recovery","volume":"87","author":"Kopman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.957","article-title":"Validation of several types of noxious stimuli for use in determining the minimum alveolar concentration for inhalation anesthetics in dogs and rabbits","volume":"64","author":"Valverde","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei291","article-title":"Effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on propofol requirements, haemodynamic variables and postoperative pain relief in gynaecological surgery","volume":"96","author":"Seyhan","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Indian J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.63659","article-title":"Effect of clonidine and magnesium sulphate on anaesthetic consumption, haemodynamics and postoperative recovery: a comparative study","volume":"54","author":"Ray","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00722.x","article-title":"Effects of a constant rate infusion of magnesium sulphate in healthy dogs anaesthetized with isoflurane and undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"39","author":"Rioja","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.12.1962","article-title":"Effects of ketamine and magnesium on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in goats","volume":"67","author":"Queiroz-Castro","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Anaesthesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2006.04801.x","article-title":"The role of magnesium as an adjuvant during general anaesthesia","volume":"61","author":"Gupta","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Opioid Manag","first-page":"105","article-title":"Effect of magnesium sulfate infusion on sevoflurane consumption, hemodynamics, and perioperative opioid consumption in lumbar disc surgery","volume":"4","author":"Oguzhan","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021505001778","article-title":"The effects of magnesium sulphate on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentrations and haemodynamic responses","volume":"23","author":"Durmus","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":". J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01467.x","article-title":"Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of magnesium sulfate in healthy dogs","volume":"13","author":"Nakayama","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(03)00059-X","article-title":"The relationship between ionized and total serum magnesium concentrations during abdominal surgery","volume":"15","author":"Lanzinger","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/6\/ajvr.77.6.575.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/6\/ajvr.77.6.575.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/6\/ajvr.77.6.575.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:08:43Z","timestamp":1775765323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/77\/6\/ajvr.77.6.575.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.77.6.575","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}}}