{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:12:07Z","timestamp":1782227527847,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To evaluate changes in conjunctival bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria after cataract surgery in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 16 client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Samples for aerobic and anaerobic culture were obtained from the conjunctival fornices of both eyes of dogs 24 hours before (week 0) and 1, 3, and 6 weeks after cataract surgery. Topical administration of ofloxacin (every 6 hours) was initiated 12 hours before surgery and continued for 3 weeks. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and a commercially available test for ofloxacin.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Frequency of positive culture results was significantly higher at week 6 than at weeks 0 and 1. Bacterial load was more likely to be moderate or high at weeks 3 and 6 than at weeks 0 and 1. The most frequently cultured organism was <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> (21\/78 [26.9%]), followed by coagulase-negative <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> spp (19\/78 [24.4%]). <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> was the organism most frequently cultured at weeks 0 (5\/12), 1 (4\/12), and 6 (8\/19), whereas frequency of this organism was lowest at week 3 (1\/20). In contrast, coagulase-negative <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> spp were the most frequently cultured organisms at week 3 (10\/20). There was a significant increase in the proportion of organisms resistant to ofloxacin at week 3, compared with the proportion at week 0.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> The number of bacterial organisms increased and the population of conjunctival bacteria was altered and had a higher proportion resistant to ofloxacin during the 6 weeks after cataract surgery for dogs treated by use of this protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.2.207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T17:18:38Z","timestamp":1485883118000},"page":"207-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Alterations in conjunctival bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility during topical administration of ofloxacin after cataract surgery in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Lynne S.","family":"Sandmeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca S.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Mohaghegh Poor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Xin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Chirino-Trejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Haryana Vet","first-page":"38","article-title":"Conjunctival flora of clinically healthy and diseased eyes of dogs","volume":"41","author":"Thangamuthu","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Aerobic conjunctival flora of healthy dogs in Sao Paulo","volume":"58","author":"Teixeira","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"201","article-title":"Conjunctival flora of clinically normal dogs","volume":"161","author":"Urban","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1976.tb06947.x","article-title":"Microbial flora of normal canine conjunctivae","volume":"17","author":"McDonald","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00701.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from naturally occurring canine external ocular diseases","volume":"12","author":"Varges","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2011.00979.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the bacterial microflora of the conjunctival sac of healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Furiani","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1240","article-title":"Conjunctival fungal flora in horses, cattle, dogs, and cats","volume":"184","author":"Samuelson","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Mycol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2013.11.002","article-title":"Conjunctival and cutaneous fungal flora in clinically normal dogs in Southern France","volume":"24","author":"Verneuil","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2003.00297.x","article-title":"A study of the morphology of canine eyes enucleated or eviscerated due to complications following phacoemulsification","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04011.x","article-title":"Microbial contamination of the anterior chamber during cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Ledbetter","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32239-5","article-title":"Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis","volume":"98","author":"Speaker","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Intraocular bacterial contamination during cataract surgery in dogs","volume":"206","author":"Taylor","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of dilute povidone-iodine solutions used for ocular surface disinfection in dogs","volume":"47","author":"Roberts","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00899-5","article-title":"Bacterial endophthalmitis prophylaxis for cataract surgery","volume":"109","author":"Ciulla","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00368.x","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin aqueous humor concentrations after topical administration in dogs undergoing cataract surgery","volume":"8","author":"Yu-Speight","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.09.005","article-title":"The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance","volume":"33","author":"Mamalis","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Int Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-007-9068-3","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of etiopathogenesis of all cases of endophthalmitis in a large tertiary referral center","volume":"27","author":"Karacal","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.01.016","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of methicillin resistance in serious ocular infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: 2000\u20132005","volume":"34","author":"Asbell","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"BMJ Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001206","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001206","article-title":"Vancomycin ophthalmic ointment 1% for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis infections: a case series","volume":"3","author":"Sotozono","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.017","article-title":"Ophthalmic antibiotic use and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. A controlled, longitudinal study","volume":"118","author":"Dave","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Clin Ophthalmol","first-page":"1505","article-title":"Methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus species among health care and non-health care workers undergoing cataract surgery","volume":"4","author":"Olson","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.03850010714017","article-title":"Effects of topical anesthetics on growth of microorganisms","volume":"76","author":"Kleinfeld","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-fourth informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S24","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.1.80","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical characteristics and bacterial isolates in dogs with bacterial keratitis: 97 cases (1993\u20132003)","volume":"228","author":"Tolar","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00579.x","article-title":"Investigation of bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Beijing, China","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"242","article-title":"Pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with external ocular disease in dogs: 131 cases (1981\u20131986)","volume":"193","author":"Gerding","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.800","article-title":"Changes in bacterial and fungal ocular flora of clinically normal horses following experimental application of topical antimicrobial or antimicrobial-corticosteroid ophthalmic preparations","volume":"66","author":"Gemensky-Metzler","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.06.028","article-title":"Emerging antibiotic resistance in ocular infections and the role of fluoroquinolones","volume":"36","author":"McDonald","year":"2010"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"ref30","series-title":"Surv Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.01.005","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones: mechanism of action, classification, and development of resistance","volume":"49","author":"Blondeau","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.45","article-title":"Topical fluoroquinolone use as a risk factor for in vitro fluoroquinolone resistance in ocular cultures","volume":"129","author":"Fintelmann","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.213","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and ophthalmic antibiotics: 1-year results of a longitudinal controlled study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections","volume":"129","author":"Kim","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.01.016","article-title":"Changes in antibiotic resistance patterns of conjunctival flora due to repeated use of topical antibiotics after intravitreal injection","volume":"119","author":"Milder","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Can J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008","article-title":"Resistance of ocular flora to gatifloxacin in patients undergoing intravitreal injections","volume":"49","author":"Dorrepaal","year":"2014"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"ref35","series-title":"J Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2004.11782371","article-title":"The role of PK\/PD parameters to avoid selection and increase of resistance: mutant prevention concentration","volume":"16","author":"Blondeau","year":"2004"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"ref36","series-title":"Surv Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.01.004","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in ophthalmology and the potential role for newer ophthalmic fluoroquinolones","volume":"49","author":"Hwang","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Havener's ocular pharmacology","first-page":"364","article-title":"Corticosteroid drugs","author":"Pappa","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700631","article-title":"Effect of topical dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin on bacterial flora of healthy conjunctiva","volume":"18","author":"Ermis","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00853.x","article-title":"Postoperative complications and visual outcomes of phacoemulsification in 103 dogs (179 eyes): 2006\u20132008","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol","first-page":"645","article-title":"Immediately sequential bacterial cataract surgery in dogs: a retrospective analysis of 128 cases (256 eyes) [in French]","volume":"36","author":"Azoulay","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.1.74","article-title":"Long-term complications after phacoemulsification for cataract removal in dogs: 172 cases (1995\u20132002)","volume":"228","author":"Sigle","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.01.002","article-title":"Incidence of post-cataract endophthalmitis at Aravind Eye Hospital: outcomes of more than 42,000 consecutive cases using standard sterilization and prophylaxis protocols","volume":"35","author":"Ravindran","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150359008","article-title":"The source of coagulase-negative staphylococci in endophthalmitis vitrectomy study: a comparison of eyelid and intraocular isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group","volume":"115","author":"Bannerman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(99)00013-1","article-title":"Microbiological analysis of aqueous humor in phacoemulsification","volume":"43","author":"Oguz","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33722-9","article-title":"Pseudophakic endophthalmitis. Diagnosis and management","volume":"93","author":"Driebe","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Rev Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/8.1.12","article-title":"Endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. Report of 30 cases and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Weber","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71959-2","article-title":"Spectrum and susceptibilities of microbiologic isolates in the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study","volume":"122","author":"Han","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20071101-01","article-title":"Endophthalmitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis: in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities and clinical outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.4.479","article-title":"In vitro fluoroquinolone resistance in staphylococcal endophthalmitis isolates","volume":"124","author":"Miller","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Ophthalmic Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000084270","article-title":"Comparison of in vitro susceptibilities of ocular bacterial isolates to gatifloxacin and other topical antibiotics","volume":"37","author":"Kaliamurthy","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.08.081","article-title":"Comparison of topical gatifloxacin 0.3% and ciprofloxacin 0.3% for the treatment of bacterial keratitis","volume":"141","author":"Parmar","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/78\/2\/ajvr.78.2.207.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/78\/2\/ajvr.78.2.207.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/78\/2\/ajvr.78.2.207.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:37:44Z","timestamp":1696538264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/78\/2\/ajvr.78.2.207.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.78.2.207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}}}