{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:41:16Z","timestamp":1771569676858,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To compare intraosseous pentobarbital treatment (IPT) and thoracic compression (TC) on time to circulatory arrest and an isoelectric electroencephalogram (EEG) in anesthetized passerine birds.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 30 wild-caught adult birds (17 house sparrows [<jats:italic>Passer domesticus<\/jats:italic>] and 13 European starlings [<jats:italic>Sturnus vulgari<\/jats:italic>s]).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Birds were assigned to receive IPT or TC (n = 6\/species\/group). Birds were anesthetized, and carotid arterial pulses were monitored by Doppler methodology. Five subdermal braided-wire electrodes were used for EEG. Anesthetic depth was adjusted until a continuous EEG pattern was maintained, then euthanasia was performed. Times from initiation of euthanasia to cessation of carotid pulse and irreversible isoelectric EEG (indicators of death) were measured. Data (medians and first to third quartiles) were summarized and compared between groups within species. Necropsies were performed for all birds included in experiments and for another 6 birds euthanized under anesthesia by TC (4 sparrows and 1 starling) or IPT (1 sparrow).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Median time to isoelectric EEG did not differ significantly between treatment groups for sparrows (19.0 and 6.0 seconds for TC and IPT, respectively) or starlings (88.5 and 77.5 seconds for TC and IPT, respectively). Median times to cessation of pulse were significantly shorter for TC than for IPT in sparrows (0.0 vs 18.5 seconds) and starlings (9.5 vs 151.0 seconds). On necropsy, most (14\/17) birds that underwent TC had grossly visible coelomic, pericardial, or perihepatic hemorrhage.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results suggested that TC might be an efficient euthanasia method for small birds. Digital pressure directly over the heart during TC obstructed venous return, causing rapid circulatory arrest, with rupture of the atria or vena cava in several birds. The authors propose that cardiac compression is a more accurate description than TC for this procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.8.887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T19:36:38Z","timestamp":1500924998000},"page":"887-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of intraosseous pentobarbital administration and thoracic compression for euthanasia of anesthetized sparrows (Passer domesticus) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Joanne R.","family":"Paul-Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Engilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Colette","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate A.","family":"Gustavsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Drazenovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Kevin","family":"Keel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamsen M.","family":"Polley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene E.","family":"Engilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Current therapy in avian medicine and surgery","first-page":"714","article-title":"Euthanasia","author":"Greenacre","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Guidelines to the use of wild birds in research","first-page":"1","author":"Fair","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742(2005)019[0242:ETIB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Euthanasia techniques in birds\u2014roundtable 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