{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:49:49Z","timestamp":1768690189611,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To evaluate 3 contrast medium infusion (CMI) protocols for CT angiography (CTA) and measurement of major artery diameters in African grey parrots (<jats:italic>Psittacus erithacus<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 9 African grey parrots with no detectable cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Each bird was anesthetized and underwent placement of an IV catheter in the left basilic vein and 16-slice CTA scanning (started at peak aortic enhancement) with each of 3 CMI protocols at \u2265 1-month intervals. Protocol 1 involved catheter flushing with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and IV infusion of iopamidol (2 mL) followed by saline solution (0.2 mL; total infused volume, 5 mL). Protocol 2 involved IV infusion of iopamidol (2 mL) followed by saline solution (0.4 mL; total infused volume, 2.4 mL). Protocol 3 involved catheter flushing with saline solution and IV administration of iopamidol (2 mL; total infused volume, 4.8 mL). The diameters of 6 major arteries were measured by 2 observers, and intra- and interobserver agreement, time-enhancement variables, and patient factors affecting contrast medium enhancement were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Among the 3 CMI protocols, CTA-derived arterial diameters differed significantly. Measurements obtained with protocol 2 were significantly larger than those obtained with the other protocols. Uniformity of the time-enhancement variables differed among CMI protocols. Patient factors had nonsignificant effects on contrast medium enhancement.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Of the CMI protocols assessed, a 2-phase CMI protocol with a post-CMI saline solution flush was the most reliable for CTA-derived measurements of the major thoracic and abdominal arteries in African grey parrots. However, further technique modification is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.1.42","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,30]],"date-time":"2017-12-30T00:44:38Z","timestamp":1514594678000},"page":"42-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison of three computed tomographic angiography protocols to assess diameters of major arteries in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Pin Huan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen Lin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chau-Hwa","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Q","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2004.9695168","article-title":"Atherosclerosis in parrots: a review","volume":"26","author":"Bavelaar","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1647\/2002-004","article-title":"Research on the anatomy and pathology of the psittacine heart","volume":"18","author":"Krautwald-Junghanns","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1737","article-title":"Results of postmortem examination of psittacine birds with cardiac disease: 26 cases (1991\u20131995)","volume":"212","author":"Oglesbee","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Zoo Anim Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2307\/20094781","article-title":"Systematic survey of lesions from animals in a zoologic collection. 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