{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T01:14:16Z","timestamp":1784596456409,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To evaluate cardiopulmonary, sedative, and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine combined with commonly administered opioids in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 8 healthy Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Dogs were sedated by IM administration of each of 7 treatments. Treatments comprised dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg\/kg; Dex) and the same dose of dexmedetomidine plus butorphanol (0.15 mg\/kg; Dex-But), meperidine (5 mg\/kg; Dex-Mep), methadone (0.5 mg\/kg; Dex-Meth), morphine (0.5 mg\/kg; Dex-Mor), nalbuphine (0.5 mg\/kg; Dex-Nal), or tramadol (5 mg\/kg; Dex-Tram). Cardiorespiratory and arterial blood gas variables and sedative and antinociceptive scores were measured before drug injection (time 0; baseline) and at 15-minute intervals for 120 minutes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Heart rate was reduced at all time points after injection of Dex-But, Dex-Mep, Dex-Meth, and Dex-Mor treatments. There was a significant reduction of mean arterial blood pressure for Dex-But, Dex-Mep, and Dex-Mor treatments at all time points, compared with baseline. There was a significant decrease in respiratory rate, compared with the baseline value, for Dex, Dex-But, Dex-Meth, and Dex-Tram treatments from 15 to 120 minutes. A significant decrease in arterial blood pH was detected from baseline to 120 minutes for all treatments, with differences among Dex, Dex-Mep, and Dex-Mor. Reduction in Pao<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was greater for the Dex-Mep treatment than for the other treatments. The highest sedation scores were detected for Dex-Mep and Dex-Meth treatments. Antinociceptive effects were superior for Dex-But, Dex-Meth, Dex-Mor, and Dex-Nal treatments.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Drug combinations caused similar cardiorespiratory changes, with greater sedative effects for Dex-Mep and Dex-Meth and superior antinociceptive effects for Dex-But, Dex-Meth, Dex-Mor, and Dex-Nal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.3.267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T17:13:34Z","timestamp":1519233214000},"page":"267-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with commonly administered opioids on clinical variables in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Lilian T.","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Auckburally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Santilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz H. 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