{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:45:31Z","timestamp":1780940731066,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To characterize delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) features of healthy hyaline cartilage of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of horses, to determine whether dGEMRIC can be used to differentiate various stages of naturally occurring osteoarthritis of the DIPJ, and to correlate relaxation times determined by dGEMRIC with the glycosaminoglycan concentration, water content, and macroscopic and histologic findings of hyaline cartilage of DIPJs with and without osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>SAMPLE<\/jats:bold> 1 cadaveric forelimb DIPJ from each of 12 adult warmblood horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> T1-weighted cartilage relaxation times were obtained for predetermined sites of the DIPJ before (T1<jats:sub>preGd<\/jats:sub>) and after (T1<jats:sub>postGd<\/jats:sub>) intra-articular gadolinium administration. Corresponding cartilage sites underwent macroscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical evaluation, and cartilage glycosaminoglycan concentration and water content were determined. Median T1<jats:sub>preGd<\/jats:sub> and T1<jats:sub>postGd<\/jats:sub> were correlated with macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical data. Mixed generalized linear models were created to evaluate the effects of cartilage site, articular surface, and macroscopic and histologic scores on relaxation times.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> 122 cartilage specimens were analyzed. Median T1<jats:sub>postGd<\/jats:sub> was lower than the median T1<jats:sub>preGd<\/jats:sub> for normal and diseased cartilage. Both T1<jats:sub>preGd<\/jats:sub> and T1<jats:sub>postGd<\/jats:sub> were correlated with macroscopic and histologic scores, whereby T1<jats:sub>preGd<\/jats:sub> increased and T1<jats:sub>postGd<\/jats:sub> decreased as osteoarthritis progressed. There was topographic variation of T1<jats:sub>preGd<\/jats:sub> and T1<jats:sub>postGd<\/jats:sub> within the DIPJ. Cartilage glycosaminoglycan concentration and water content were significantly correlated with T1<jats:sub>preGd<\/jats:sub> and macroscopic and histologic scores but were not correlated with T1<jats:sub>postGd<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results indicated that dGEMRIC relaxation times varied for DIPJs with various degrees of osteoarthritis. These findings may help facilitate early detection of osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.3.287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T17:13:34Z","timestamp":1519233214000},"page":"287-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Use of a 3-Telsa magnet to perform delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with and without naturally occurring osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Bischofberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton E.","family":"F\u00fcrst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Torgerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Carstens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Hilbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02389.x","article-title":"An assessment of wastage in Thoroughbred racing from conception to 4 years of age","volume":"14","author":"LB","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiologic and patho-anatomic changes in the distal joints and the phalanges of the Standardbred horse","volume":"44","author":"G","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02737.x","article-title":"Lameness due to pain associated with the distal interphalangeal joint: 45 cases","volume":"23","author":"SJ","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.08.213","article-title":"Articular cartilage lesions seen with MRI at 0.25T in the distal equine limb","volume":"32","author":"AL","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407X170094","article-title":"Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint","volume":"39","author":"KK","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603510364539","article-title":"Diagnostic modalities for diseased articular cartilage\u2014from defect to degeneration: a review","volume":"1","author":"JE","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2012.08.004","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of equine articular cartilage through imaging","volume":"28","author":"A","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2011.02.010","article-title":"MR imaging of articular cartilage physiology","volume":"19","author":"JA","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1100638","article-title":"MRI monitoring of cartilage repair in the knee: a review","volume":"12","author":"SE","year":"2008"},{"issue":"suppl A","key":"ref10","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2006.03.010","article-title":"MRI of articular cartilage in OA: novel pulse sequences and compositional\/functional markers","volume":"14","author":"GE","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2008.08.004","article-title":"Chong le R. 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