{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:53:35Z","timestamp":1767707615380,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To characterize the MRI and histologic features of the supraspinatus tendon in nonlame dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 7 cadavers (14 shoulder joints) of nonlame 2-year-old sexually intact male Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Multiple MRI fluid-sensitive pulse sequences were obtained for both shoulder joints of each cadaver, and the thickness, volume, and signal intensity of each supraspinatus tendon were assessed. After MRI scanning was complete, the shoulder joints were processed for histologic examination. Tissue specimens were stained with various stains to determine tendon morphology and composition. Histologic and MRI findings were correlated and described.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> All supraspinatus tendons had a trilaminar appearance on sagittal and transverse MRI images, which was characterized by a thick, hyperintense center layer (central substance) sandwiched between thin hypointense superficial and deep margins. The mean \u00b1 SD central substance-to-superficial margin and central substance-to-deep margin thickness ratios were 8.4 \u00b1 1.2 and 9.0 \u00b1 0.9, respectively; supraspinatus tendon-to-triceps brachii muscle signal intensity ratio was 1.3 \u00b1 0.2; and tendon volume was 445 \u00b1 20 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. The superficial and deep margins histologically resembled other tendons with highly ordered collagen fibers. The central substance was comprised of water-rich glycosaminoglycans interspersed among haphazardly arranged collagen bundles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results indicated histologically normal canine supraspinatus tendons have a trilaminar appearance on MRI images. In dogs, a diagnosis of supraspinatus tendinosis should not be based solely on the tendon having a hyperintense signal on MRI images; other MRI evidence of shoulder joint disease and diagnostic findings are necessary to support such a diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.8.836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T13:22:07Z","timestamp":1532956927000},"page":"836-844","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging and histologic features of the supraspinatus tendon in nonlame dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Pownder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Caserto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Lou","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hollis G.","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Koff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"61","article-title":"The use of adipose-derived progenitor cells and platelet-rich plasma combination for the treatment of supraspinatus tendinopathy in 55 dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"3","author":"Canapp","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"55","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis in eight dogs: diagnosis and management","volume":"3","author":"Carr","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103487","article-title":"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy and therapeutic exercise for supraspinatus and biceps tendinopathies in 29 dogs","volume":"179","author":"Leeman","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12452","article-title":"Tendon volume determination on magnetic resonance imaging of supraspinatus tendinopathy","volume":"45","author":"Spall","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"845","article-title":"Single ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injection for treatment of supraspinatus tendinopathy in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Ho","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Exp Biol","first-page":"261","article-title":"Comparison of rotator cuff muscle architecture between humans and other selected vertebrate species","volume":"217","author":"Mathewson","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12043","article-title":"Comparison between shoulder computed tomography and clinical findings in 89 dogs presented for thoracic limb lameness","volume":"54","author":"Maddox","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5818","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of canine supraspinatus calcifying tendinosis","volume":"48","author":"Mistieri","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00512.x","article-title":"Surgical treatment of mineralized and nonmineralized supraspinatus tendinopathy in twenty-four dogs","volume":"38","author":"Lafuente","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00429.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with confirmed shoulder pathology","volume":"37","author":"Murphy","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1429","article-title":"Supraspinatus tendinosis associated with biceps brachii tendon displacement in a dog","volume":"227","author":"Fransson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Comp Med","first-page":"465","article-title":"The anatomy of the glenoid labrum: a comparison between human and dog","volume":"59","author":"Sager","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"2448","article-title":"Rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability: a systematic review (Erratum published in Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015;473:751)","volume":"472","author":"Gombera","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.2.179","article-title":"Surgical management of large rotator cuff tears combined with instability in elite rugby football players","volume":"37","author":"Goldberg","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e31820d583b","article-title":"Glenohumeral instability and rotator cuff tear","volume":"19","author":"Porcellini","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Acta Orthop Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679308993690","article-title":"Early complications after anterior dislocation of the shoulder in patients over 40 years: an ultrasonographic and electromyographic study","volume":"64","author":"Toolanen","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"68","article-title":"Brachial plexus lesions associated with dislocated shoulders","volume":"72","author":"Travlos","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0781-2","article-title":"Cigarette smoking increases the risk for rotator cuff tears","volume":"468","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.04.001","article-title":"Shoulder disorders and occupation","volume":"29","author":"Linaker","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500104","article-title":"Traumatic tears of the subscapularis tendon. Clinical diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and operative treatment","volume":"25","author":"Deutsch","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Tech Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"43","article-title":"Magnetic imaging of the shoulder: a tailored approach","volume":"6","author":"Potter","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"78","article-title":"Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures. Pre- and postoperative evaluation by CT scan","volume":"304","author":"Goutallier","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","first-page":"235","article-title":"The muscular system","author":"Evans","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Connect Tissue Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207909152351","article-title":"The influence of mechanical forces on the glycosaminoglycan content of the rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon","volume":"7","author":"Gillard","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900327","article-title":"Estimation of total collagen and types I and III collagen in canine rotator cuff tendons","volume":"61","author":"Fan","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J","first-page":"333","article-title":"The enthesis: a review of the tendon-to-bone insertion","volume":"4","author":"Apostolakos","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.71.841.9534696","article-title":"The magic angle phenomenon in tendons: effect of varying the MR echo time","volume":"71","author":"Peh","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280061401","article-title":"Light microscopic histology of achilles tendon ruptures. A comparison with unruptured tendons","volume":"28","author":"Maffulli","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-3-262","article-title":"Mineralization of the supraspinatus tendon in dogs: a long-term follow-up","volume":"36","author":"Laitinen","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"BMC Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-95","article-title":"Physiopathology of intratendinous calcific deposition","volume":"10","author":"Oliva","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Surgeons Veterinary Symposium, the Surgical Summit","first-page":"362","article-title":"Supraspinatus tendinosis and mineralization: same disease two faces?","author":"Frannson","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Meat Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(95)00051-8","article-title":"Relationship between degradation of proteoglycans and weakening of the intramuscular connective tissue during post-mortem ageing of beef","volume":"42","author":"Nishimura","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1977.tb03981.x","article-title":"A post mortem study of equine digital flexor tendons","volume":"9","author":"Webbon","year":"1977"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.836.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.836.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.836.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:43:53Z","timestamp":1741351433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.836.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.79.8.836","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}}}