{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:49:28Z","timestamp":1761648568394,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To investigate use of the plethysmographic variability index (PVI) and perfusion index (PI) for evaluating changes in arterial blood pressure in anesthetized tigers (<jats:italic>Panthera tigris<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 8 adult tigers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Each tiger was anesthetized once with a combination of ketamine, midazolam, medetomidine, and isoflurane. Anesthetic monitoring included assessment of PI, PVI, direct blood pressure measurements, anesthetic gas concentrations, esophageal temperature, and results of capnography and ECG. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was maintained for at least 20 minutes at each of the following blood pressure conditions: hypotensive (MAP = 50 \u00b1 5 mm Hg), normotensive (MAP = 70 \u00b1 5 mm Hg), and hypertensive (MAP = 90 \u00b1 5 mm Hg). Arterial blood gas analysis was performed at the beginning of anesthesia and at each blood pressure condition.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Mean \u00b1 SD PI values were 1.82 \u00b1 2.38%, 1.17 \u00b1 0.77%, and 1.71 \u00b1 1.51% and mean PVI values were 16.00 \u00b1 5.07%, 10.44 \u00b1 3.55%, and 8.17 \u00b1 3.49% for hypotensive, normotensive, and hypertensive conditions, respectively. The PI values did not differ significantly among blood pressure conditions. The PVI value for the hypotensive condition differed significantly from values for the normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The PVI values were significantly correlated with MAP (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.657). The OR of hypotension to nonhypotension for PVI values \u2265 18% was 43.6.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> PVI was a clinically applicable variable determined by use of noninvasive methods in anesthetized tigers. Values of PVI \u2265 18% may indicate hypotension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.8.845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T13:22:07Z","timestamp":1532956927000},"page":"845-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Use of plethysmographic variability index and perfusion index to evaluate changes in arterial blood pressure in anesthetized tigers (Panthera tigris)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Seddighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Tepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward C.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Cushing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Zoo and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.","first-page":"83","article-title":"Monitoring","author":"Heard","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Zoo and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology","author":"Lamont","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"N Z Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1999.36123","article-title":"Anaesthesia of a Sumatran tiger on eight occasions with ketamine, medetomidine and isoflurane","volume":"47","author":"Forsyth","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia.","first-page":"474","article-title":"Cardiac output measurement","author":"Vigani","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Crit Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R562","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3799","article-title":"Relation between respiratory variations in pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude and arterial pulse pressure in ventilated patients","volume":"9","author":"Cannesson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Acta Paediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00439.x","article-title":"Noninvasive peripheral perfusion index as a possible tool for screening for critical left heart obstruction","volume":"96","author":"Granelli","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318167ab1f","article-title":"Does the Pleth variability index indicate the respiratory-induced variation in the plethysmogram and arterial pressure waveforms?","volume":"106","author":"Cannesson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Clin Monit Comput","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-012-9347-z","article-title":"Pulse oximeter plethysmograph variation and its relationship to the arterial waveform in mechanically ventilated children","volume":"26","author":"Chandler","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen133","article-title":"Pleth variability index to monitor the respiratory variations in the pulse oximeter plethysmographic waveform amplitude and predict fluid responsiveness in the operating theatre","volume":"101","author":"Cannesson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aat.2011.05.001","article-title":"Monitoring fluid responsiveness","volume":"49","author":"Hofer","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198710000-00009","article-title":"Systolic blood pressure variation is a sensitive indicator of hypovolemia in ventilated dogs subjected to graded hemorrhage","volume":"67","author":"Perel","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181eb624f","article-title":"Goal-directed fluid management based on the pulse oximeter-derived Pleth Variability Index reduces lactate levels and improves fluid management","volume":"111","author":"Forget","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02225.x","article-title":"Pleth Variability Index predicts hypotension during anesthesia induction","volume":"54","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181672607","article-title":"Venous function and central venous pressure: a physiologic story","volume":"108","author":"Gelman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00686.x","article-title":"Risk of anaesthetic mortality in dogs and cats: an observational cohort study of 3,546 cases","volume":"39","author":"Bille","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-1-13","article-title":"Complications and mortality associated with anesthesia in dogs and cats","volume":"35","author":"Gaynor","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"728","article-title":"Hypotension during anesthesia in dogs and cats: recognition, causes and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Mazzaferro","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Pathophysiology of shock, sepsis, and organ failure.","first-page":"194","article-title":"Cardiac function during hypovolemia","author":"Traber","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-198710000-00005","article-title":"Review: the pharmacology of dobutamine","volume":"294","author":"Ruffolo","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.3.280","article-title":"Changes in pulse pressure variation and plethysmographic variability index caused by hypotension-inducing hemorrhage followed by volume replacement in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs","volume":"77","author":"Klein","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12246","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on pulse pressure variation changes induced by hemorrhage followed by volume replacement in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs","volume":"24","author":"Diniz","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei116","article-title":"Pulse pressure and stroke volume variations during severe haemorrhage in ventilated dogs","volume":"94","author":"Berkenstadt","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12139","article-title":"Plethysmographic variability index (PVI) accuracy in predicting fluid responsiveness in anesthetized children","volume":"23","author":"Julien","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"368","article-title":"The effect of tidal volume and intravascular volume state on systolic pressure variation in ventilated dogs","volume":"15","author":"Szold","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Respir Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(82)90069-X","article-title":"Comparative mechanics of mammalian respiratory system","volume":"49","author":"Bennett","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Crit Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6822","article-title":"Ability of Pleth Variability Index to detect hemodynamic changes induced by passive leg raising in spontaneously breathing volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Keller","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.11.035","article-title":"Variations in pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude induced by passive leg raising in spontaneously breathing volunteers","volume":"25","author":"Delerme","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"885","article-title":"A review of the physiological effects of \u03b12 agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice","volume":"44","author":"Sinclair","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.845.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.845.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.845.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1741351435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/79\/8\/ajvr.79.8.845.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.79.8.845","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}}}