{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:17:26Z","timestamp":1781662646638,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To compare effects of tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, and propofol for anesthetic induction on cardiorespiratory and acid-base variables before and during isoflurane-maintained anesthesia in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 6 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane and instrumented. After dogs recovered from anesthesia, baseline values for cardiorespiratory variables and cardiac output were determined, and arterial and mixed-venous blood samples were obtained. Tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg\/kg), alfaxalone (4 mg\/kg), propofol (6 mg\/kg), or ketamine-diazepam (7 and 0.3 mg\/kg) was administered IV in 25% increments to enable intubation. After induction (M<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) and at 10, 20, 40, and 60 minutes of a light anesthetic plane maintained with isoflurane, measurements and sample collections were repeated. Cardiorespiratory and acid-base variables were compared with a repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test and between time points with a pairwise Tukey test.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Mean \u00b1 SD intubation doses were 3.8 \u00b1 0.8 mg\/kg for tiletamine-zolazepam, 2.8 \u00b1 0.3 mg\/kg for alfaxalone, 6.1 \u00b1 0.9 mg\/kg and 0.26 \u00b1 0.04 mg\/kg for ketamine-diazepam, and 5.4 \u00b1 1.1 mg\/kg for propofol. Anesthetic depth was similar among regimens. At M<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>, heart rate increased by 94.9%, 74.7%, and 54.3% for tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine-diazepam, and alfaxalone, respectively. Tiletamine-zolazepam caused higher oxygen delivery than propofol. Postinduction apnea occurred in 3 dogs when receiving alfaxalone. Acid-base variables remained within reference limits.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> In healthy dogs in which a light plane of anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane, cardiovascular and metabolic effects after induction with tiletamine-zolazepam were comparable to those after induction with alfaxalone and ketamine-diazepam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.1.33","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T15:37:34Z","timestamp":1546529854000},"page":"33-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, and propofol for induction of anesthesia on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in healthy dogs before and during anesthesia maintained with isoflurane"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Chiara 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