{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:12:30Z","timestamp":1773666750312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate efficacy and safety of anesthesia with dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam (DKM) in five-striped palm squirrels (<jats:italic>Funambulus pennantii<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>8 male squirrels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Squirrels were anesthetized with DKM (dexmedetomidine, 0.1 mg\/kg; ketamine hydrochloride, 30 mg\/kg; and midazolam, 0.75 mg\/kg) administered IM. Atipamezole (0.15 mg\/kg) and flumazenil (0.1 mg\/kg) were administered IM 40 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Vital signs and responses were recorded every 5 minutes during anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia were rapid and without complications in all squirrels. Median anesthetic induction time was 67.5 seconds (interquartile [25th to 75th percentile] range, 5.5 seconds), and mean \u00b1 SD recovery time after drug reversal was 147 \u00b1 79 seconds. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature significantly decreased during the anesthetic period. All squirrels became hypothermic by 40 minutes after induction. The righting reflex was absent during the 40-minute anesthetic period in all squirrels, with variable responses for the palpebral reflex, jaw tone, forelimb withdrawal reflex, and hind limb withdrawal reflex. Only 2 of 8 squirrels had loss of the limb withdrawal reflex in both the forelimbs and hind limbs from anesthetic induction to 25 minutes after induction.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>DKM appeared to provide safe and effective anesthesia in five-striped palm squirrels, but oxygen and thermal support were indicated. At the doses administered, deep surgical anesthesia was not consistently achieved, and anesthetic depth of individual squirrels must be determined before surgical procedures are performed in palm squirrels anesthetized with this drug combination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.12.1082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T14:48:13Z","timestamp":1574693293000},"page":"1082-1088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam administered intramuscularly in five-striped palm squirrels (Funambulus pennantii)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Eshar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Beaufr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8702A115088099","article-title":"Funambulus pennantii (errata version published in 2017)","author":"Nameer","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Zoo Print J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.11609\/JoTT.ZPJ.19.2.1351-60","article-title":"Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia","volume":"19","author":"Srinivasulu","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Bombay Nat Hist Soc","first-page":"406","article-title":"The common striped palm squirrel","volume":"16","author":"Wroughton","year":"1905"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Isr J Vet Med","first-page":"28","article-title":"Hematology and serum chemistry of free trapped five-striped palm squirrel (Funambulus pennantii)","volume":"72","author":"Aroch","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Tribulus (Abu Dhabi)","first-page":"126","article-title":"Five-striped palm squirrel, Funambulus pennantii (Wroughton, 1905)\u2014a new addition to the UAE's exotic fauna","volume":"24","author":"Judas","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Biol Invasions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-007-9160-7","article-title":"Non-indigenous terrestrial vertebrates in Israel and adjacent areas","volume":"10","author":"Roll","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Mammalia, fauna of Australia series","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sciuridae","author":"Seebeck","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Funambulus pennanti. 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