{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:53:00Z","timestamp":1787500380201,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To assess the relationship between histologic degeneration of cranial cruciate ligaments (CCLs) and severity of synovitis and ligament vascularity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>SAMPLE<\/jats:bold>\n                    : CCL and synovium from 59 stifle joints (53 dogs).\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    : CCL and synovium specimens were obtained from stifle joints of juvenile (15 joints; 12 dogs) and adult (25 joints; 22 dogs) dogs with intact CCLs and dogs with CCL rupture (rCCL; 19 joints; 19 dogs). Vascular density and degenerative changes of the CCL core region and severity of synovitis were semiquantitatively evaluated. Relationships were analyzed by use of a random effects model to account for correlated specimens.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Mean \u00b1 SD modified Bonar scores (scale, 0 to 9) of adults (4.85 \u00b1 0.44) and dogs with rCCL (5.69 \u00b1 0.49) were significantly higher than scores of juveniles (1.13 \u00b1 0.55). Vascularity scores (scale, 0 to 3) were significantly higher for juveniles (3.00 \u00b1 0.24) than for adults (1.53 \u00b1 0.27) and dogs with rCCL (0.78 \u00b1 0.23). Synovitis scores were not significantly different among groups. There was a significant negative relationship between modified Bonar scores and vascularity scores for juveniles and adults and for adults and dogs with rCCL when controlling for age, but there was not a significant relationship between modified Bonar scores and synovitis scores. There was a significant relationship between modified Bonar scores and body weight of adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Poor blood supply to the core region could be an important underlying condition for spontaneous degeneration of the CCL in at-risk dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T11:05:18Z","timestamp":1548414318000},"page":"152-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Histologic assessment of ligament vascularity and synovitis in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Kuroki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ned","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantelle C.","family":"Bozynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1604","article-title":"Estimate of the annual economic impact of treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs in the United States","volume":"227","author":"Wilke","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00653.x","article-title":"Cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs: biology versus biomechanics","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1842","article-title":"Correlative biomechanical and histologic study of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs","volume":"46","author":"Vasseur","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2003.50023","article-title":"Histologic changes in ruptured canine cranial cruciate ligament","volume":"32","author":"Hayashi","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5326\/0400385","article-title":"Cranial cruciate ligament pathophysiology in dogs with cruciate disease: a review","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00221.x","article-title":"Morphologic and functional features of the canine cruciate ligaments","volume":"35","author":"de Rooster","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1978.tb05521.x","article-title":"The surgical significance of the blood supply of the canine stifle joint","volume":"19","author":"Tirgari","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00778.x","article-title":"Vascular distribution in ruptured canine cranial cruciate ligament","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00777.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and histomorphometric evaluation of vascular distribution in intact canine cranial cruciate ligament","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025331","article-title":"Contralateral cruciate survival in dogs with unilateral non-contact cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"6","author":"Muir","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00841.x","article-title":"Synovitis in dogs with stable stifle joints and incipient cranial cruciate ligament rupture: a cross-sectional study","volume":"40","author":"Bleedorn","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-31-4-289","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of canine stifle joint synovial membrane collected at the time of repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"31","author":"Galloway","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.7.750","article-title":"Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in stifle joint synovial tissues of dogs with or without osteoarthritis","volume":"71","author":"Kuroki","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.4.386","article-title":"Prevalence of lymphoplasmacytic synovitis in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"235","author":"Erne","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2003.09.007","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cell populations and adhesion molecule expression in synovial membranes from dogs with spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"97","author":"Lemburg","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.08.005","article-title":"Abnormal tenocyte morphology is more prevalent than collagen disruption in asymptomatic athletes\u2019 patellar tendons","volume":"22","author":"Cook","year":"2004"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"ref17","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.04.017","article-title":"The OARSI histopathology initiative\u2014recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the dog","volume":"18","author":"Cook","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33417","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament changes in the human knee joint in aging and osteoarthritis","volume":"64","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Arthritis Res Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4165","article-title":"Cellular and extracellular matrix changes in anterior cruciate ligaments during human knee aging and osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961080-00013","article-title":"Microvasculature of the cruciate ligaments and its response to injury. An experimental study in dogs","volume":"61","author":"Arnoczky","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand Suppl","first-page":"15","article-title":"Tensile strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog","volume":"445","author":"Alm","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Histological changes in the human anterior cruciate ligament after rupture","volume":"82-A","author":"Murray","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Pathologic basis of veterinary disease","first-page":"2","article-title":"Mechanisms and morphology of cellular injury, adaptation and death","author":"Miller","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Knee Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1297361","article-title":"Using animal models in osteoarthritis biomarker research","volume":"24","author":"Garner","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Epidemiology of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs","volume":"203","author":"Whitehair","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.12.1818","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"232","author":"Witsberger","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.06.004","article-title":"Ultrastructural differences in cranial cruciate ligaments from dogs of two breeds with a differing predisposition to ligament degeneration and rupture","volume":"134","author":"Comerford","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.152.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.152.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.152.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T16:42:46Z","timestamp":1696524166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.152.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}}}