{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:53:23Z","timestamp":1787025203632,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate whether hemivertebra subtype as determined via CT was associated with breed and Cobb angle (a measure of the degree of spinal curvature) in apparently neurologically normal French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold>\n                    Client-owned French Bulldogs (n = 58), English Bulldogs (30), and Pugs (12) with thoracic hemivertebrae that underwent CT for reasons unrelated to spinal disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold>\n                    CT scans of each dog were evaluated, and hemivertebrae were categorized by subtype (ventral aplasia, ventral hypoplasia, lateral aplasia, lateral hypoplasia, ventrolateral aplasia, ventrolateral hypoplasia, ventral and median aplasia, ventral and median hypoplasia, and symmetric hypoplasia). The Cobb angle was measured, and kyphosis was defined as a Cobb angle &gt; 10\u00b0. Results were compared among breeds.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>\n                    243 hemivertebrae were identified in the French Bulldog group, 100 in the English Bulldog group, and 19 in the Pug group. Breed was significantly associated with hemivertebra subtype. Pugs were more likely than French and English Bulldogs to have ventral hypoplasia and less likely to have ventral and median hypoplasia. English Bulldogs were more likely than French Bulldogs to have ventral and median hypoplasia. Compared with other hemivertebra subtypes, ventral hypoplasia was associated with a greater Cobb angle and a higher likelihood of kyphosis. Pugs were more likely than the other 2 breeds to have kyphosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Pugs had a different spectrum of hemivertebra subtypes than French and English Bulldogs in this study. Additional research is necessary to evaluate the clinical relevance of this finding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T11:05:18Z","timestamp":1548414318000},"page":"189-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Relationship between breed, hemivertebra subtype, and kyphosis in apparently neurologically normal French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Gutierrez-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert ter","family":"Haar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"De Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.018","article-title":"Prevalence of thoracic vertebral malformations in French Bulldogs, Pugs and English Bulldogs with and without associated neurological deficits","volume":"221","author":"Ryan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.009","article-title":"Congenital spinal malformations in small animals","volume":"40","author":"Westworth","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Thoracic kyphosis associated with hemivertebra","volume":"40","author":"Moissonnier","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12102.x","article-title":"A comparison of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion in French Bulldogs and Dachshunds and association with vertebral anomalies","volume":"43","author":"Aikawa","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12172","article-title":"A proposed radiographic classification scheme for congenital thoracic vertebral malformations in brachycephalic \u201cscrew-tailed\u201d dog breeds","volume":"55","author":"Gutierrez-Quintana","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.027","article-title":"The effect of kyphoscoliosis on intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs","volume":"200","author":"Faller","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106957","article-title":"Computer-assisted radiographic calculation of spinal curvature in brachycephalic \u201cscrew-tailed\u201d dog breeds with congenital thoracic vertebral malformations: reliability and clinical evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Guevar","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.10.009","article-title":"Kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis associated with congenital malformations of the thoracic vertebral bodies in dogs","volume":"46","author":"Dewey","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am Acad Orthop Surg Instr Course Lect","first-page":"261","article-title":"Outline for the study of scoliosis","volume":"5","author":"Cobb","year":"1948"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2693-9","article-title":"Measuring procedures to determine the Cobb angle in idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Langensiepen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.6.768","article-title":"Outcomes of nonsurgical treatment for congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations in dogs: 13 cases (2009\u20132016)","volume":"253","author":"Wyatt","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199910000-00002","article-title":"Natural history of congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. A study of one hundred and twelve patients","volume":"81","author":"McMaster","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Ir Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-58-12-688","article-title":"Nasca classification of hemivertebra in five dogs","volume":"58","author":"Besalti","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j1479","article-title":"Brachycephalic tipping point: time to push the button?","volume":"180","author":"Waters","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j5810","article-title":"At last! 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