{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:00:08Z","timestamp":1791291608789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in African grey parrots (<jats:italic>Psittacus erithacus<\/jats:italic>) during administration of multiple doses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ANIMALS<\/jats:bold> 6 healthy African grey parrots.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Meloxicam was administered at each of 3 dosages (1 mg\/kg, IM, q 24 h, for 7 days; 1 mg\/kg, PO, q 24 h, for 12 days; and 1.6 mg\/kg, PO, q 24 h, for 7 days) with an 8-week washout period between treatments. Blood samples were collected 12 and 24 hours after each drug administration (times of presumptive peak and trough drug concentrations) for pharmacokinetic analysis. Birds were visually assessed during all experiments and monitored for changes in selected plasma and urine biochemical variables after administration of the drug at 1.6 mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Mean trough plasma concentrations at steady state were 10.7 and 9.16 \u03bcg\/mL after meloxicam administration at 1 mg\/kg, IM, and 1 mg\/kg, PO, respectively. Plasma drug accumulation was evident (accumulation ratios of 2.04 \u00b1 0.30 [IM treatment] and 2.45 \u00b1 0.26 [PO treatment]). Plasma and urine <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-acetyl-\u03b2-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucosaminidase activities were significantly increased at the end of meloxicam treatment at 1.6 mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were maintained at values greater than effective analgesic concentrations described for other avian species. Although administration of meloxicam at a dosage of 1 mg\/kg IM and PO daily for 1 week and 12 days, respectively, was not associated with adverse clinical effects in this population, further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of the drug during prolonged treatment and the clinical relevance of its accumulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T16:05:18Z","timestamp":1548432318000},"page":"201-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam during multiple oral or intramuscular dose administration to African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Encinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ardiaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Gilabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bonveh\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Or\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2011.11.008","article-title":"Anesthesia and analgesia in birds","volume":"21","author":"Lierz","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2006.09.009","article-title":"Meloxicam","volume":"15","author":"Kirchgessner","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"64","article-title":"Pharm profile: meloxicam","volume":"15","author":"Wallace","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2002.00441.x","article-title":"Disposition of sodium salicylate, flunixin and meloxicam after intravenous administration in broiler chickens","volume":"25","author":"Baert","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(02)00184-9","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in five bird species","volume":"134","author":"Baert","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Drug Metab Dispos","first-page":"576","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in animals and the relevance to humans","volume":"26","author":"Busch","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00923.x","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in vultures","volume":"31","author":"Naidoo","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.12.1311","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of a single dose of meloxicam after oral and intramuscular administration to captive lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor)","volume":"77","author":"Zordan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.375","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration of a single dose to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)","volume":"74","author":"Molter","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12350","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration of a single dose to African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)","volume":"40","author":"Montesinos","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1647\/2012-044","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of intravenous and oral meloxicam in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)","volume":"27","author":"Lacasse","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1647\/2014-065","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber)","volume":"30","author":"Lindemann","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.4.308","article-title":"Renal, gastrointestinal, and hemostatic effects of oral administration of meloxicam to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)","volume":"76","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1647\/2013-056","article-title":"Effects of meloxicam on hematologic and plasma biochemical analyte values and results of histologic examination of kidney biopsy specimens of African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)","volume":"29","author":"Montesinos","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.11.1720","article-title":"Effects of meloxicam on hematologic and plasma biochemical analysis variables and results of histologic examination of tissue specimens of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"73","author":"Sinclair","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0041.1","article-title":"Concepts and issues with interspecies scaling in zoological pharmacology","volume":"39","author":"Hunter","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"580","article-title":"Haematological findings in healthy and sick African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)","volume":"111","author":"Hawkey","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00295.x","article-title":"Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review","volume":"31","author":"Harr","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0169.1","article-title":"Assessment of novel avian renal disease markers for the detection of experimental nephrotoxicosis in pigeons (Columba livia)","volume":"40","author":"Wimsatt","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.09.004","article-title":"Determination of meloxicam in human plasma using a HPLC method with UV detection and its application to a pharmacokinetic study","volume":"859","author":"Bae","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-050-2_16","article-title":"Non-compartmental analysis","volume":"929","author":"Gabrielsson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Collection of terms, symbols, equations, and explanations of common pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and some statistical functions","year":"2004"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref23","series-title":"Ann Rech Vet","first-page":"87S","article-title":"Statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic data with special applications to bioequivalence studies","volume":"21","author":"Powers","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.12.1471","article-title":"Analgesic effects of intramuscular administration of meloxicam in Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis) with experimentally induced arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Cole","year":"2009"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref25","series-title":"Br J Rheumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.suppl_1.13","article-title":"A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of meloxicam","volume":"35","author":"T\u00fcrck","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1533","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships and dose response to meloxicam in horses with induced arthritis in the right carpal joint","volume":"65","author":"Toutain","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VERC.0000034995.81994.49","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic comparison of meloxicam and ketoprofen following oral administration to healthy dogs","volume":"28","author":"Montoya","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2006.06.004","article-title":"The use of analgesics in birds, reptiles, and small exotic mammals","volume":"15","author":"Hawkins","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.4.636","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in rabbits after oral administration of single and multiple doses","volume":"74","author":"Fredholm","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12127","article-title":"Systematic review of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced adverse effects in dogs","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro-Steagall","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13832","article-title":"Correlation of urine and serum biomarkers with renal damage and survival in dogs with naturally occurring proteinuric chronic kidney disease","volume":"30","author":"Hokamp","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Poult Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0751563","article-title":"N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase as a marker of renal damage in hens","volume":"75","author":"Forman","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.24.844","article-title":"Evaluation of the renal effects of flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen and meloxicam in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)","volume":"160","author":"Pereira","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.201.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.201.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.201.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:42:51Z","timestamp":1696538571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/2\/ajvr.80.2.201.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.201","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}}}