{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:01:49Z","timestamp":1784804509933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo determine whether an enrofloxacin\u2013silver sulfadiazine emulsion (ESS) labeled for treatment of otitis externa in dogs has ototoxic effects in rabbits following myringotomy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n6 healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nRabbits were anesthetized for brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) tests on day 0. Myringotomy was performed, and BAER testing was repeated. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and ESS were then instilled in the left and right middle ears, respectively, and BAER testing was repeated prior to recovery of rabbits from anesthesia. Application of assigned treatments was continued every 12 hours for 7 days, and rabbits were anesthetized for BAER testing on day 8. Rabbits were euthanized, and samples were collected for histologic (6 ears\/treatment) and scanning electron microscopic (1 ear\/treatment) examination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nMost hearing thresholds (11\/12 ears) were subjectively increased after myringotomy, with BAER measurements ranging from 30 to 85 dB in both ears. All day 8 hearing thresholds exceeded baseline (premyringotomy) values; results ranged from 30 to 85 dB and 80 to > 95 dB (the upper test limit) in saline solution\u2013treated and ESS-treated ears, respectively. All ESS-treated ears had heterophilic otitis externa, epithelial hyperplasia of the external ear canal, various degrees of mucoperiosteal edema, and periosteal new bone formation on histologic examination. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that most outer hair cells in the ESS-treated ear lacked stereocilia or were absent.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nResults supported that ESS has ototoxic effects in the middle ear of rabbits. Further research is needed to confirm these findings. Myringotomized laboratory rabbits may be useful to study ototoxicity of drugs used in human medicine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.4.325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T12:13:16Z","timestamp":1553775196000},"page":"325-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of an enrofloxacin\u2013silver sulfadiazine emulsion in the ears of rabbits with perforated tympanic membranes"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Fiona L.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon G. M.","family":"Kirejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina V.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Quilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Howerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2015.08.005","article-title":"Surgical management of ear diseases in rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Csomos","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"343","article-title":"Suppurative otitis media in the rabbit: prevalence, pathology and microbiology","volume":"27","author":"Flatt","year":"1977"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"ref3","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.12.007","article-title":"Ototoxicity of ototopical antibiotic drops in humans","volume":"130","author":"Matz","year":"2004"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"ref4","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.12.008","article-title":"Animal ototoxicity of topical antibiotics and the relevance to clinical treatment of human subjects","volume":"130","author":"Roland","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197608000-00009","article-title":"Detection of ototoxicity from drugs applied topically to the middle ear space","volume":"86","author":"Brummett","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1995.01890010027006","article-title":"Ototoxicity of topical ticarcillin and clavulanic acid in the chinchilla","volume":"121","author":"Jakob","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12711","article-title":"Brainstem auditory evoked responses in 37 dogs with otitis media before and after topical therapy","volume":"59","author":"Paterson","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.08.018","article-title":"Evaluating the ototoxicity of topical piperacillin-tazobactam","volume":"72","author":"Jang","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2008.559","article-title":"Auditory function after a prolonged course of ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone otic suspension in a murine model","volume":"135","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2007.01532.x","article-title":"Evidence review and ENT-UK consensus report for the use of aminoglycoside-containing ear drops in the presence of an open middle ear","volume":"32","author":"Phillips","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0b013e318057792f","article-title":"Ototoxic effect of Burow solution applied to the guinea pig middle ear","volume":"28","author":"Serin","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215115002509","article-title":"Why are ototopical aminoglycosides still first-line therapy for chronic suppurative otitis media? 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