{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:42:16Z","timestamp":1787730136680,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of naloxone hydrochloride in dogs following intranasal (IN) and IV administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In a blinded crossover design involving 2 experimental periods separated by a washout period (minimum of 7 days), dogs were randomly assigned to receive naloxone IN (4 mg via a commercially available fixed-dose naloxone atomizer; mean \u00b1 SD dose, 0.17 \u00b1 0.02 mg\/kg) or IV (0.04 mg\/kg) in the first period and then the opposite treatment in the second period. Plasma naloxone concentrations, dog behavior, heart rate, and respiratory rate were evaluated for 24 hours\/period.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Naloxone administered IN was well absorbed after a short lag time (mean \u00b1 SD, 2.3 \u00b1 1.4 minutes). Mean maximum plasma concentration following IN and IV administration was 9.3 \u00b1 2.5 ng\/mL and 18.8 \u00b1 3.9 ng\/mL, respectively. Mean time to maximum concentration following IN administration was 22.5 \u00b1 8.2 minutes. Mean terminal half-life after IN and IV administration was 47.4 \u00b1 6.7 minutes and 37.0 \u00b1 6.7 minutes, respectively. Mean bioavailability of naloxone administered IN was 32 \u00b1 13%. There were no notable changes in dog behavior, heart rate, or respiratory rate following naloxone administration by either route.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Use of a naloxone atomizer for IN naloxone administration in dogs may represent an effective alternative to IV administration in emergency situations involving opioid exposure. Future studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of IN naloxone administration in dogs with opioid intoxication, including a determination of effective doses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.7.696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T13:02:40Z","timestamp":1561640560000},"page":"696-701","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal and intravenous naloxone hydrochloride administration in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Brandon M.","family":"Wahler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina H.","family":"Ricco Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Bednarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lakritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turi K.","family":"Aarnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Opioid overdose\u2014understanding the epidemic","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"What is the US opioid epidemic?","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia","first-page":"207","article-title":"Wiese AJ. 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