{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T21:44:42Z","timestamp":1749851082990},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo investigate effects of body condition on permeability of intestinal mucosa in horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n13 horses (7 obese and 6 lean) from 8 to 15 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nBody condition score was assessed, and an oral sugar test (OST) was performed to evaluate glucose and insulin dynamics. Horses were allowed a 2-week diet acclimation period and were then euthanized. Tissue samples were collected from the jejunum, ileum, cecum, pelvic flexure, right dorsal colon, and rectum. Mucosal permeability was assessed by measuring transepithelial resistance and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) flux across tissue samples mounted in Ussing chambers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\n5 obese horses and 1 lean horse had evidence of insulin dysregulation, whereas 1 obese and 5 lean horses had no abnormalities in results of the OST. Results for the OST were not available for 1 obese horse. Mucosal transepithelial resistance did not differ in any intestinal segment between obese and lean horses. Obese horses had a significantly higher LPS flux across jejunal mucosa, compared with results for lean horses, but there were no significant differences between obese and lean horses for other intestinal segments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nObese horses may have had greater paracellular mucosal permeability of jejunal mucosa to LPS, compared with that for lean horses. This finding was consistent with data for the gastrointestinal mucosa of humans and mice and supported the hypothesis that obese horses may be at higher risk from chronic exposure to increased amounts of LPS, compared with the risk for lean horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.8.792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T18:10:10Z","timestamp":1563991810000},"page":"792-798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of body condition on intestinal permeability in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Jamie J.","family":"Kopper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Travers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold C.","family":"Schott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824."},{"name":"1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.03.006","article-title":"Obesity and associated comorbidities in people and companion animals: a one health perspective","volume":"156","author":"Chandler","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.04.005","article-title":"Impact of obesity on cardiopulmonary disease","volume":"46","author":"Chandler","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300119","article-title":"Medical implications of obesity in horses\u2014lessons for human obesity","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Nutr Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.07.003","article-title":"Potential mechanisms for the emerging link between obesity and increased intestinal permeability","volume":"32","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2009.02.001","article-title":"Dietary management of obesity and insulin resistance: countering risk for laminitis","volume":"25","author":"Geor","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00944.x","article-title":"Endotoxemia in horses. A review of cellular and humoral mediators involved in its pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Morris","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037160","article-title":"Circulating zonulin, a marker of intestinal permeability, is increased in association with obesity-associated insulin resistance","volume":"7","author":"Moreno-Navarrete","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.251","article-title":"Intestinal permeability is associated with visceral adiposity in healthy women","volume":"19","author":"Gummesson","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"EMBO Mol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201100159","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment","volume":"3","author":"Amar","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.3.540","article-title":"Intestinal nutrient transport in genetically obese mice","volume":"62","author":"Ferraris","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Gut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.165886","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability","volume":"58","author":"Cani","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G518","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00024.2006","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: new evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"292","author":"Brun","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0535","article-title":"Medical consequences of obesity","volume":"89","author":"Bray","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121971","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121971","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in general and central obesity and modulating effects of physical activity","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Br J Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515001038","article-title":"Cytokine and growth factor profiling in patients with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Mirhafez","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"World J Biol Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v8.i2.120","article-title":"Role of pro- and anti-inflammatory phenomena in the physiopathology of type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"8","author":"Pirola","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.1.113","article-title":"The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Basinska","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-673","article-title":"Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse","volume":"85","author":"Vick","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1010","article-title":"Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion","volume":"74","author":"Tadros","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.07.031","article-title":"Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome","volume":"314","author":"Maury","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x","article-title":"Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares","volume":"15","author":"Henneke","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.09.006","article-title":"Assessment of insulin and glucose dynamics by using an oral sugar test in horses","volume":"34","author":"Schuver","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12745","article-title":"Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses","volume":"50","author":"Jacob","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X293574","article-title":"Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine","volume":"40","author":"Cook","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.8.992","article-title":"Effect of firocoxib or flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischemic-injured equine jejunum","volume":"70","author":"Cook","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2000.17836","article-title":"Use of pelvic flexure biopsies to predict survival after large colon torsion in horses","volume":"29","author":"Van Hoogmoed","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Annu Rev Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-012110-142150","article-title":"Tight junction pore and leak pathways: a dynamic duo","volume":"73","author":"Shen","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Gen Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.59.3.318","article-title":"Ionic conductances of extracellular shunt pathway in rabbit ileum. Influence of shunt on transmural sodium transport and electrical potential differences","volume":"59","author":"Frizzell","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Membr Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869406","article-title":"Electrical properties and active solute transport in rat small intestine. II. Conductive properties of transepithelial routes","volume":"31","author":"Okada","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Gen Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.57.6.639","article-title":"Studies on the electrical potential profile across rabbit ileum. Effects of sugars and amino acids on transmural and transmucosal electrical potential differences","volume":"57","author":"Rose","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G967","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00532.2002","article-title":"PG-mediated closure of paracellular pathway and not restitution is the primary determinant of barrier recovery in acutely injured porcine ileum","volume":"285","author":"Gookin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.8.977","article-title":"Effect of lidocaine on inflammation in equine jejunum subjected to manipulation only and remote to intestinal segments subjected to ischemia","volume":"78","author":"Bauck","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Annu Rev Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131404","article-title":"Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport","volume":"68","author":"Van Itallie","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"J Gastroenterol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1207-z","article-title":"Gastrointestinal mucosal barrier function and diseases","volume":"51","author":"Oshima","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.6.614","article-title":"Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor meloxicam on recovery of ischemia-injured equine jejunum","volume":"68","author":"Little","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"J Cell Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02630","article-title":"Interferon-gamma selectively increases epithelial permeability to large molecules by activating different populations of paracellular pores","volume":"118","author":"Watson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of the fecal microbiota in horses with equine metabolic syndrome and metabolically normal controls fed a similar all-forage diet","volume":"44","author":"Elzinga","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Front Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03017","article-title":"The equine gastrointestinal microbiome: impacts of age and obesity","volume":"9","author":"Morrison","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00225","article-title":"Microbiome and blood analyte differences point to community and metabolic signatures in lean and obese horses","volume":"5","author":"Biddle","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Microb Pathog","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.018","article-title":"The association between gut microbiome, sex age and body condition scores in horses in Maiduguri and its envrions","volume":"118","author":"Mshelia","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"A microbiological map of the healthy equine gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Ericsson","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70134-2","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota","volume":"3","author":"Cox","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Med Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.004","article-title":"Obesity as a disease","volume":"102","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2525","article-title":"Normal-weight central obesity: implications for total and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"163","author":"Sahakyan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.03.013","article-title":"Impact of canine overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life","volume":"127","author":"Yam","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.04.004","article-title":"Metabolic effects of obesity and its interaction with endocrine diseases","volume":"46","author":"Clark","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"26","article-title":"Adipose tissue-derived adiponectin expression is significantly associated with increased post operative mortality in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery","volume":"39","author":"Packer","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"222","article-title":"Five-year longitudinal study on limited food consumption and development of osteoarthritis in coxofemoral joints of dogs","volume":"210","author":"Kealy","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.6.670","article-title":"Association of expiratory airway dysfunction with marked obesity in healthy adult dogs","volume":"68","author":"Bach","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.10.013","article-title":"Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs","volume":"193","author":"Manens","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"Br Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80222-2","article-title":"Developments in the understanding of the pathophysiology of urethral sphincter mechanism in competence in the bitch","volume":"150","author":"Gregory","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref57","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12635","article-title":"Incidence of laminitis and survey of dietary and management practices in pleasure horses and ponies in south-eastern Australia","volume":"95","author":"Potter","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref58","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12169","article-title":"Insulin dysregulation","volume":"46","author":"Frank","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref59","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Frank","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref60","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref61","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13934","article-title":"Evaluation of four diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation in adult light-breed horses","volume":"30","author":"Dunbar","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref62","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12413","article-title":"Comparison of the in-feed glucose test and the oral sugar test","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/8\/ajvr.80.8.792.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/8\/ajvr.80.8.792.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/8\/ajvr.80.8.792.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:42:40Z","timestamp":1696538560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/8\/ajvr.80.8.792.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.80.8.792","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}}}