{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:35:58Z","timestamp":1778279758310,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To compare IV doses of alfaxalone and ketamine needed to facilitate orotracheal intubation and assess effects of each treatment on selected physiologic variables in goats undergoing orthopedic surgery with isoflurane anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>18 healthy adult goats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Behavior was assessed before and after sedation with midazolam (0.1 mg\/kg, IV) for IV catheter placement. Anesthesia was induced with additional midazolam (0.1 mg\/kg, IV) and alfaxalone (n = 9) or ketamine (9) at 2 mg\/kg, IV, over 30 seconds. An additional dose of alfaxalone or ketamine (1 mg\/kg) was given IV if needed for intubation; anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and IV fluids with ketamine (0.5 to 1 mg\/kg\/h). Direct systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean (MAP) arterial blood pressures; heart rate; and respiratory rate were recorded before induction, immediately after intubation, and during surgery. Qualitative anesthetic induction and recovery characteristics were assessed. Variables were compared within and between groups by statistical methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No preinduction variables differed significantly between groups. Postintubation and 30-minute intraoperative SAP, DAP, and MAP were higher for the ketamine group than for the alfaxalone group; within the alfaxalone group, postintubation SAP, MAP, and respiratory rate prior to mechanical ventilation were lower than respective preinduction values. All alfaxalone-group goats were intubated after 1 dose of the induction agent; 5 of 9 ketamine-group goats required an additional (1-mg\/kg) dose. Postoperative recovery was good to excellent for all animals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both drugs were suitable for induction of anesthesia after sedation with midazolam, but most goats required higher doses of ketamine to allow intubation. For situations in which alfaxalone administration is appropriate, the potential for decreased arterial blood pressures and respiratory rate should be considered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.9.819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T18:35:17Z","timestamp":1566844517000},"page":"819-824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of intravenous anesthetic induction doses and physiologic effects of ketamine or alfaxalone in goats undergoing surgery with isoflurane anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Morgan H.","family":"Oakleaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khursheed R.","family":"Mama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Mangin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Lebsock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie T.","family":"Bisazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah T.","family":"Easley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."},{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."},{"name":"2Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Anaesth 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castration","volume":"36","author":"Leece","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.20.627","article-title":"Induction of anaesthesia in pigs using a new alphaxalone formulation","volume":"153","author":"Keates","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12300","article-title":"Determination of the minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone during its co-administration with fentanyl at three different doses by constant rate infusion intravenously in goats","volume":"43","author":"Dzikiti","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12162","article-title":"Determination of the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of alfaxalone required to prevent purposeful movement of the extremities in response to a standardized noxious stimulus in goats","volume":"42","author":"Ndawana","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00318.x","article-title":"Studies on the distribution and metabolism of ketamine in sheep","volume":"1","author":"Waterman","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Can Anaesth Soc J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03004579","article-title":"An experimental study of the mechanism of action of ketamine on the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Neuropharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(72)90016-0","article-title":"The cataleptic state induced by ketamine: a review of the neuropharmacology of anesthesia","volume":"11","author":"Winters","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Can Anaesth Soc 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ketamine and thiopental for anaesthetic induction and recovery in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam","volume":"49","author":"Wakuno","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary 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