{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:29:03Z","timestamp":1791286143647,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate and report measurements of the radiographic cardiac silhouette of healthy juvenile and adult ospreys (<jats:italic>Pandion haliaetus<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>54 ospreys (22 adults, 19 juveniles, and 13 birds of undetermined age) without clinical signs of cardiac disease and with adequate ventrodorsal radiographic images for cardiac silhouette assessment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Radiographs of ospreys were assessed to determine cardiac width at the widest point as well as sternal width and thoracic width at the same level. Two-way mixed-effects models were used to evaluate interrater reliability for mean rating. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to create predictive models of cardiac width and to establish a theoretical reference range for healthy ospreys.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cardiac width of healthy ospreys was approximately 90% to 92% of sternal width and 67% to 69% of thoracic width. Both sternal width and thoracic width were significant predictors of cardiac width in independent predictive models as well as in a combined model after controlling for age. Thirty-four of 41 (83%) measured cardiac widths were within the theoretical reference range.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ospreys are sentinels used in monitoring environmental health. Environmental factors may have an impact on the cardiac health of ospreys, but reference values for healthy ospreys have not been established for use in assessing cardiomegaly in this species. The radiographic ratios and predictive model obtained in this study may be useful for objective evaluation of cardiomegaly in ospreys.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.9.840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T18:35:17Z","timestamp":1566844517000},"page":"840-845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Measurements of the radiographic cardiac silhouette of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Krystal M. T.","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, 3883 Sanibel Captiva Rd, Sanibel, FL 33957."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace H.","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, 3883 Sanibel Captiva Rd, Sanibel, FL 33957."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison L.","family":"Daugherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, 3883 Sanibel Captiva Rd, Sanibel, FL 33957."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M. P.","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer P.","family":"Kehoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, 3883 Sanibel Captiva Rd, Sanibel, FL 33957."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A. B.","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Ethology and Wildlife, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Cavanaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis."},{"name":"1Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, 3883 Sanibel Captiva Rd, Sanibel, FL 33957."},{"name":"2Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205."},{"name":"3Department of Ethology and Wildlife, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico."},{"name":"4Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Avian medicine: principles and applications","first-page":"246","article-title":"Imaging techniques","author":"McMillan","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.76","article-title":"Measurement of the cardiac silhouette in psittacines","volume":"221","author":"Straub","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"(Cyanopsitta spixii). J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1647\/2009-062.1","article-title":"Radiographic measurement of internal organs in Spix's macaws","volume":"25","author":"Rettmer","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"(Melopsittacus undulatus). J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0225R4.1","article-title":"Radiographic reference limits for cardiac width of budgerigars","volume":"46","author":"Velayati","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1647\/2008-041.1","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of cardiac size in four falconiform species","volume":"24","author":"Barbon","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"(Falco peregrinus). J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.11.1459","article-title":"Radiographic reference limits for cardiac width in peregrine falcons","volume":"238","author":"Lumeij","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"15","article-title":"Establishing cardiac measurement standards in three avian species","volume":"11","author":"Hanley","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1647\/2015-097","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiac size in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) based on radiographic measurements","volume":"30","author":"Mirshahi","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0157.1","article-title":"Avian iron storage disease: variations on a common theme?","volume":"43","author":"Klasing","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Avian Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2013.849794","article-title":"Two different avipoxviruses associated with pox disease in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) along the Brazilian coast","volume":"42","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094994","article-title":"Outbreak of avian malaria associated to multiple species of Plasmodium in Magellanic penguins undergoing rehabilitation in Southern Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Vanstreels","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Avian Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1637\/10036-121111-Reg.1","article-title":"Toxic interaction between fumonisin B1 and moniliformin for cardiac lesions in Japanese quail","volume":"56","author":"Sharma","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Pandion haliaetus","article-title":"Integrated taxonomic information system on-line database","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Longevity records of North American birds","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health Part B Crit Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400802545078","article-title":"Osprey: worldwide sentinel species for assessing and monitoring environmental contamination in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries","volume":"12","author":"Grove","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Osprey identification","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"How to identify an osprey","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Avian medicine: principles and application","first-page":"695","article-title":"Cardiology","author":"Lumeij","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Psychol Bull","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.03.006","article-title":"Assay validation of the cardiac isoform of troponin I in double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) plasma for diagnosis of cardiac damage","volume":"141","author":"Daigneault","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/9\/ajvr.80.9.840.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/9\/ajvr.80.9.840.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/9\/ajvr.80.9.840.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:42:17Z","timestamp":1696538537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/80\/9\/ajvr.80.9.840.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.80.9.840","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}}}