{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:34:34Z","timestamp":1785270874384,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo assess onset of analgesia for 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride and 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride when used for median and ulnar nerve blocks in lame horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n6 naturally lame horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nA crossover experiment was conducted. Horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (3% chloroprocaine or 2% mepivacaine first). Median and ulnar nerve blocks were performed in the lame limb with the assigned treatment. Lameness was objectively evaluated before treatment administration and at various points for 120 minutes after treatment with a wireless inertial sensor-based motion analysis system. Following a 7-day washout period, horses then received the other treatment and lameness evaluations were repeated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nMedian and ulnar nerve blocks performed with 3% chloroprocaine resulted in more consistent, rapid, and profound amelioration of lameness than did blocks performed with 2% mepivacaine. Lameness decreased more between 20 and 40 minutes after injection when 3% chloroprocaine was used than when 2% mepivacaine was used. Complete resolution of lameness was detected a mean of 9 minutes after injection when median and ulnar nerve blocks were performed with 3% chloroprocaine and a mean of 28 minutes after injection when performed with 2% mepivacaine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n3% chloroprocaine had a more rapid onset and provided better analgesia for median and ulnar nerve blocks in horses with naturally occurring lameness, compared with 2% mepivacaine. These favorable properties suggest that 3% chloroprocaine would be useful for performance of median and ulnar regional nerve blocks during complicated lameness evaluations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.1.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T18:34:24Z","timestamp":1577730864000},"page":"13-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride when used for median and ulnar regional nerve blocks in lame horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Lindsey H.","family":"Boone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred J.","family":"DeGraves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Agriculture, Ogden College of Science and Engineering, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea E.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849"},{"name":"3Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, 2150 Georgetown Rd, Lexington, KY 40511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine lameness","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis of the causes of lameness","author":"Wyn-Jones","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine surgery","first-page":"998","article-title":"Diagnostic anesthesia","author":"Furst","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine","first-page":"231","article-title":"Musculoskeletal diseases","author":"Barr","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","first-page":"100","article-title":"Diagnostic analgesia","author":"Bassage","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"The equine manual","first-page":"797","article-title":"The locomotor system","author":"Wright","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses","first-page":"173","article-title":"Perineural and intrasynovial anesthesia","author":"Baxter","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9846(17)30154-4","article-title":"Selected techniques of regional anesthesia","volume":"3","author":"Wheat","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.665","article-title":"Evaluation of a sensor-based system of motion analysis for detection and quantification of forelimb and hind limb lameness in horses","volume":"65","author":"Keegan","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.3.368","article-title":"Comparison of an inertial sensor system with a stationary force plate for evaluation of horses with bilateral forelimb lameness","volume":"73","author":"Keegan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7641216x","article-title":"Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures","volume":"76","author":"Littell","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Stat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20000715)19:13<1793::AID-SIM482>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Modelling covariance structure in the analysis of repeated measures data","volume":"19","author":"Littell","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"SAS for mixed models","author":"Littell","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Obstetrical anesthesia handbook","first-page":"18","article-title":"Local anesthetic pharmacology","author":"Datta","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Miller's anesthesia","first-page":"913","article-title":"Local anesthetics","author":"Berde","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"158","article-title":"Fundamental properties of local anesthetics. 11. 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