{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:35:09Z","timestamp":1784550909758,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of IM administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n6 young healthy mixed-breed hounds.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nDogs received each of 3 treatments (alfaxalone [2 mg\/kg] and butorphanol [0.4 mg\/kg] combined with acepromazine [0.02 mg\/kg; AB-ace], midazolam [0.2 mg\/kg; AB-mid], or dexmedetomidine [0.005 mg\/kg; AB-dex], IM) in a blinded, randomized crossover-design study with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Sedation scores and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded at predetermined time points. Data were analyzed by use of mixed-model ANOVA and linear generalized estimating equations with post hoc adjustments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nAll treatments resulted in moderate to deep sedation (median score, \u2265 15\/21) \u2264 5 minutes after injection. Sedation scores did not differ among treatments until the 40-minute time point, when the score was higher for AB-dex than for other treatments. Administration of AB-dex resulted in median scores reflecting deep sedation until 130 minutes, versus 80 and 60 minutes for AB-ace and AB-mid, respectively, after injection. Heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen delivery decreased significantly after AB-dex, but not AB-ace or AB-mid administration. Respiratory variables remained within clinically acceptable ranges after all treatments. Undesirable recovery characteristics were observed in 4 dogs after AB-mid treatment. Four dogs required atipamezole administration 180 minutes after AB-dex injection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nAll protocols produced reliable sedation. The results indicated that in young, healthy dogs, AB-mid may produce undesirable recovery characteristics; AB-dex treatment caused cardiovascular depression and should be used with caution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.1.65","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T18:34:24Z","timestamp":1577730864000},"page":"65-76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Murdock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina H.","family":"Ricc\u00f3 Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turi K.","family":"Aarnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Bednarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"885","article-title":"A review of the physiological effects of \u03b12-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice","volume":"44","author":"Sinclair","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Trends Anaesth Crit Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2014.03.002","article-title":"Ketamine\u2013more mechanisms of action than just NMDA blockade","volume":"4","author":"Sleigh","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Equine Med Surg","first-page":"460","article-title":"Pharmacological 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