{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:25:22Z","timestamp":1778279122912,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone hydrochloride after IM administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n8 healthy adult parrots (4 males and 4 females).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nIn a randomized crossover study, each bird received hydromorphone (0.1, 1, and 2 mg\/kg) and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL\/kg; control) IM, with a 7-day interval between treatments. Each bird was assigned an agitation-sedation score, and the thermal foot withdrawal threshold (TFWT) was measured at predetermined times before and after treatment administration. Adverse effects were also monitored. The TFWT, agitation-sedation score, and proportion of birds that developed adverse effects were compared among treatments over time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nCompared with the mean TFWT for the control treatment, the mean TFWT was significantly increased at 0.5, 1.5, and 3 hours and 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after administration of the 1- and 2-mg\/kg hydromorphone doses, respectively. Significant agitation was observed at 0.5, 1.5, and 3 hours after administration of the 1 - and 2-mg\/kg hydromorphone doses. Other adverse effects observed after administration of the 1- and 2-mg\/kg doses included miosis, ataxia, and nausea-like behavior (opening the beak and moving the tongue back and forth).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nAlthough the 1- and 2-mg\/kg hydromorphone doses appeared to have antinociceptive effects, they also caused agitation, signs of nausea, and ataxia. Further research is necessary to evaluate administration of lower doses of hydromorphone and other types of stimulation to better elucidate the analgesic and adverse effects of the drug in psittacine species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.10.775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T12:37:59Z","timestamp":1600951079000},"page":"775-782","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of the thermal antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone hydrochloride after intramuscular administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie M.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Beaufr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne R.","family":"Paul-Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Current therapy in avian medicine and surgery","first-page":"616","article-title":"Recognition, assessment, and management of pain in birds","author":"Hawkins","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Br J Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463712438493","article-title":"Basic opioid pharmacology: an update","volume":"6","author":"Pathan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00502.x","article-title":"Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effect of butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.)","volume":"23","author":"Curro","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh)","volume":"60","author":"JR","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.5.775","article-title":"Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots","volume":"67","author":"Sladky","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.10.1211","article-title":"Evaluation of liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate for alleviation of experimentally induced arthritic pain in green-cheeked conures (Pyrrhura molinae)","volume":"70","author":"JR","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"(Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.6.736","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of nalbuphine hydrochloride in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots","volume":"72","author":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.2.196","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of long-acting nalbuphine decanoate after intramuscular administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventrails)","volume":"74","author":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.8.1148","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects after oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)","volume":"73","author":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.2.201","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of tramadol hydrochloride after intravenous administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)","volume":"74","author":"Geelen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1647\/2002-008","article-title":"Disposition and analgesic effects of fentanyl in white cockatoos (Cacatua alba)","volume":"17","author":"Hoppes","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.6.600","article-title":"Effects of three fentanyl plasma concentrations on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)","volume":"79","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Support Care Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s005200000183","article-title":"Hydromorphone: pharmacology and clinical applications in cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Sarhill","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00643-7","article-title":"A systematic review of hydromorphone in acute and chronic pain","volume":"25","author":"Quigley","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00593.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of intravenous hydromorphone in cats","volume":"27","author":"Wegner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00275.x","article-title":"Postanesthetic hyperthermia in cats: a retrospective comparison between hydromorphone and buprenorphine","volume":"33","author":"Niedfeldt","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2006.00311.x","article-title":"Dose-related thermal antinociceptive effects of intravenous hydromorphone in cats","volume":"34","author":"Wegner","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00966.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of intravenous hydromorphone in conscious dogs","volume":"31","author":"Guedes","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.05.003","article-title":"Antinociceptive and side-effects of hydromorphone after subcutaneous administration in cats","volume":"11","author":"Robertson","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5599","article-title":"Experimental pharmacodynamics and analgesic efficacy of liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone in dogs","volume":"47","author":"L","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.3.344","article-title":"Frequency of vomiting during the postoperative period in hydromorphone-treated dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery","volume":"241","author":"Stern","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12090","article-title":"Bioavailability of morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone following buccal administration in cats","volume":"37","author":"Pypendop","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12356","article-title":"Effect of morphine, methadone, hydromorphone or oxymorphone on the thermal threshold, following intravenous or buccal administration to cats","volume":"43","author":"Pypendop","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.09.008","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone and hydromorphone after oral hydrocodone in healthy Greyhound dogs","volume":"196","author":"KuKanich","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia: the fifth edition of Lumb and Jones","first-page":"207","article-title":"Opioids","author":"KuKanich","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"(Falco sparverius). Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.6.817","article-title":"Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after intramuscular administration of hydromorphone hydrochloride to American kestrels","volume":"74","author":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.8.820","article-title":"Evaluation of the thermal antinociceptive effects and pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after intramuscular administration to cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)","volume":"79","author":"Houck","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Pharmacol Rev","first-page":"597","article-title":"Animal models of nociception","volume":"53","author":"Le Bars","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.12.007","article-title":"Lame broiler chickens respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with objective changes in gait function: a controlled clinical trial","volume":"196","author":"Caplen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1213","article-title":"A technique for evaluating analgesia in conscious perching birds","volume":"60","author":"JR","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Use of placebo controls in assessment of new therapies for alleviation of acute pain in client-owned animals","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.7.543","article-title":"Evaluation of the thermal antinociceptive effects of subcutaneous administration of butorphanol tartrate or butorphanol tartrate in a sustained-release poloxamer p407 gel formulation to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica)","volume":"81","author":"Laniesse","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr210","article-title":"Effects of morphine on thermal sensitivity in adult and aged rats","volume":"67","author":"Morgan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Trends Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(88)90093-8","article-title":"Anatomy of CNS opioid receptors","volume":"11","author":"Mansour","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1647\/2017-270","article-title":"Preliminary findings of structure and expression of opioid receptor genes in a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), a snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus), and a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)","volume":"32","author":"Duhamelle","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000453","article-title":"Sex-related differences in the antinociceptive effects of opioids: importance of rat genotype, nociceptive stimulus intensity, and efficacy at the \u03bc opioid receptor","volume":"150","author":"Cook","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"(Falco sparverius). J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1647\/2016-190","article-title":"Evaluation of the thermal antinociceptive effects of a sustained-release buprenorphine formulation after intramuscular administration to American kestrels","volume":"32","author":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"(Falco sparverius). Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.2.117","article-title":"Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride to American kestrels","volume":"75","author":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.1.11","article-title":"Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects and pharmacokinetics after intramuscular administration of butorphanol tartrate to American kestrels (Falco sparverius)","volume":"75","author":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"(Falco sparverius). Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.8.705","article-title":"Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after intramuscular administration of buprenorphine hydrochloride to American kestrels","volume":"75","author":"Ceulemans","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Compend Conint Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"98","article-title":"Avian pain: physiology and evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Machin","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Lab Anim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1258\/002367702320162423","article-title":"Buprenorphine: a reappraisal of its antinociceptive effects and therapeutic use in alleviating post-operative pain in animals","volume":"36","author":"Roughan","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"J Palliat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2012.0467","article-title":"Incidence of hydromorphone-induced neuroexcitation in hospice patients","volume":"16","author":"Kullgren","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"J Palliat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2004.7.545","article-title":"Hydromorphone neuroexcitation","volume":"7","author":"Thwaites","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Handbook of veterinary pain management","first-page":"113","article-title":"Overview of drugs administered to treat pain","author":"Muir","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.9.1015","article-title":"Effect of dosing interval on efficacy of maropitant for prevention of hydromorphone-induced vomiting and signs of nausea in dogs","volume":"245","author":"Hay Kraus","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2004.00128.x","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine on the incidence of vomiting associated with opioid administration in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Valverde","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200105000-00029","article-title":"The cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212\u20132 suppresses opioid-induced emesis in ferrets","volume":"94","author":"Simoneau","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Ann Palliat Med","first-page":"121","article-title":"Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"J Pain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S113216","article-title":"Survey of pain specialists regarding conversion of high-dose intravenous to neuraxial opioids","volume":"9","author":"Gorlin","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181823efb","article-title":"The side effects of morphine and hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia","volume":"107","author":"Hong","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/81\/10\/ajvr.81.10.775.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/81\/10\/ajvr.81.10.775.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/81\/10\/ajvr.81.10.775.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:44:53Z","timestamp":1696538693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/81\/10\/ajvr.81.10.775.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.81.10.775","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}}}