{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:25Z","timestamp":1774690825911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the extent of damage to the skull and brain of cadaveric dairy goat kids caused by a .22-caliber, 16-g pellet fired from a multipump air pistol at various power levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cadavers of 8 male and 7 female dairy goat kids \u2264 5 days old.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Each cadaver was positioned in sternal recumbency with the head and neck extended on a straw bale. A multipump air pistol was held with the barrel perpendicular to and 2.5 cm from the head at the intersection of 2 imaginary lines that extended from the lateral canthus of each eye to the middle of the contralateral ear base and fired at half (5 pumps; n = 2), intermediate (7 pumps; 2), or full (10 pumps; 11) power. The head and neck were removed from the carcass for CT imaging and gross sectioning to determine the location of the pellet and extent of damage caused to the skull and brain.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The pellet successfully penetrated the skull of all 13 heads shot at full or intermediate power and 1 of the 2 heads shot at half power. The pellet did not fragment after entering the skull of any cadaver and penetrated the brainstem (necessary for instantaneous death) in only 7 cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The described technique was insufficient for use as a stand-alone method for euthanizing young dairy goat kids. Modification of the technique warrants further research to determine whether air pistols can be used to effectively euthanize young goat kids.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.11.866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T12:41:36Z","timestamp":1603802496000},"page":"866-871","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of a multipump air pistol as a method for euthanizing young dairy goat kids"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Melissa N.","family":"Hempstead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010."},{"name":"3Idexx Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan K.","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.3.276","article-title":"Determination of anatomic landmarks for optimal placement in captive-bolt euthanasia of goats","volume":"79","author":"Plummer","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Anim Welf","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.25.4.471","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of a non-penetrating captive bolt to euthanase neonatal goats up to 48 hours of age","volume":"25","author":"Sutherland","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"58","article-title":"Use of a non-penetrating captive bolt for euthanasia of neonate goats","volume":"8","author":"Grist","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Anim Welf","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.26.3.277","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of a non-penetrating captive bolt to euthanase dairy goat kids up to 30 days of age","volume":"26","author":"Sutherland","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Goat medicine","article-title":"Dehorning and descenting","author":"Smith","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"832","article-title":"Ontario. 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