{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:04:39Z","timestamp":1786374279594,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo determine perioperative analgesia associated with oral administration of a novel methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation in dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n43 healthy female dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nDogs were randomly assigned to receive the methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation at 1 of 2 dosages (0.5 mg\/kg, 2.5 mg\/kg, and 0.125 mg\/kg, respectively, or 1.0 mg\/kg, 5.0 mg\/kg, and 0.25 mg\/kg, respectively, PO, q 12 h, starting the evening before surgery; n = 15 each) or methadone alone (0.5 mg\/kg, SC, q 4 h starting the morning of surgery; 13). Dogs were sedated with acepromazine, and anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. A standard ovariohysterectomy was performed by experienced surgeons. Sedation and pain severity (determined with the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale\u2014short form [GCPS-SF]) were scored for 48 hours after surgery. Rescue analgesia was to be provided if the GCPS-SF score was > 6. Dogs also received carprofen starting the day after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nNone of the dogs required rescue analgesia. The highest recorded GCPS-SF score was 4. A significant difference in GCPS-SF score among groups was identified at 6:30 am<\/jats:sc> the day after surgery, but not at any other time. The most common adverse effect was perioperative vomiting, which occurred in 11 of the 43 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nOral administration of a methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation at either of 2 dosages every 12 hours (3 total doses) was as effective as SC administration of methadone alone every 4 hours (4 total doses) in dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy. Incorporation of naltrexone in the novel formulation may provide a deterrent to human opioid abuse or misuse.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.9.699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T12:44:21Z","timestamp":1598359461000},"page":"699-707","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Perioperative analgesia associated with oral administration of a novel methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation in dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Upchurch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Comroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Crauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State 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