{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:53:16Z","timestamp":1783421596215,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate with CT the characteristics of brain tissue disruption and skull damage in cadaveric heads of adult horses caused by each of 6 firearm-ammunition combinations applied at a novel anatomic aiming point.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>53 equine cadaveric heads.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Heads placed to simulate that of a standing horse were shot with 1 of 6 firearm-ammunition combinations applied at an aiming point along the external sagittal crest of the head where the 2 temporalis muscles form an inverted V. Firearm-ammunition combinations investigated included a .22-caliber long rifle pistol firing a 40-grain, plated lead, solid-core or hollow-point bullet (HPB); a semiautomatic 9-mm pistol firing a 115-grain, jacketed HPB; a semiautomatic .223-caliber carbine firing a 55-grain, jacketed HPB; a semiautomatic .45-caliber automatic Colt pistol firing a 230-grain, jacketed HPB; and a 12-gauge shotgun firing a 1-oz rifled slug. Additional heads placed in a simulated laterally recumbent position were shot with the semiautomatic 9-mm pistol\u2013HPB combination. All heads underwent CT before and after being shot, and images were evaluated for projectile fragmentation, skull fracture, and cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem disruption.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Computed tomography revealed that all firearm-ammunition combinations caused disruption of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem that appeared sufficient to result in instantaneous death of a live horse. Hollow-point ammunition was as effective as solid-core ammunition with regard to brain tissue disruption. Brain tissue disruption was not affected by head positioning.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results indicated that the examined firearm-ammunition combinations, when applied at a novel aiming point, appear to be reasonable options for euthanasia of horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.1.28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T13:24:51Z","timestamp":1609161891000},"page":"28-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Computed tomographic assessment of brain tissue disruption and skull damage in equine cadaveric heads caused by various firearm-ammunition combinations applied as potential gunshot methods for euthanasia of horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Jane R.","family":"Lund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard R.","family":"Ketover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irongate Equine Clinic, Madison, WI 53719."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina H.","family":"Brounts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"2 Sec 201 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act","unstructured":"2 Sec 201 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 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