{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:37:56Z","timestamp":1768005476479,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the motion of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) relative to the third metacarpal bone (MC3) of equine forelimbs during physiologic midstance loads.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>8 musculoskeletally normal forelimbs (7 right and 1 left) from 8 adult equine cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Each forelimb was harvested at the mid-radius level and mounted in a material testing system so the hoof could be moved in a dorsal direction while the radius and MC3 remained vertical. The PSBs were instrumented with 2 linear variable differential transformers to record movement between the 2 bones. The limb was sequentially loaded at a displacement rate of 5 mm\/s from 500 N to each of 4 loads (1.8 [standing], 3.6 [walking], 4.5 [trotting], and 10.5 [galloping] kN), held at the designated load for 30 seconds while lateromedial radiographs were obtained, and then unloaded back to 500 N. The position of the PSBs relative to the transverse ridge of the MC3 condyle and angle of the metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint were measured on each radiograph.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The distal edge of the PSBs moved distal to the transverse ridge of the MC3 condyle at 10.5 kN (gallop) but not at lower loads. The palmar surfaces of the PSBs rotated away from each other during fetlock joint extension, and the amount of rotation increased with load.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>At loads consistent with a high-speed gallop, PSB translations may create an articular incongruity and abnormal bone stress distribution that contribute to focal subchondral bone lesions and PSB fracture in racehorses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.3.198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T16:51:37Z","timestamp":1614271897000},"page":"198-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro assessment of the motion of equine proximal sesamoid bones relative to the third metacarpal bone under physiologic midstance loads"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Sachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering; J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya C.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering; J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Fyhrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering; J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.x","article-title":"Causes of death in racehorses over a 2 year period","volume":"26","author":"Johnson BJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson BJ, Stover SM, Daft BM,  Causes of death in racehorses over a 2 year period. Equine Vet J 1994;26:327\u2013330.10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.x"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Examination Program 2017\u20132018 annual report","year":"2019","unstructured":"California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Examination Program 2017\u20132018 annual report. 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