{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:37:06Z","timestamp":1772789826328,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine whether isoflurane-anesthetized cats with demonstrated resistance to the immobilizing effects of fentanyl would exhibit naltrexone-reversible sparing of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane when fentanyl was coadministered with the centrally acting catecholamine receptor antagonist acepromazine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>5 healthy male purpose-bred cats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Baseline isoflurane MAC was measured by use of a standard tail clamp stimulus and bracketing study design. Afterward, fentanyl was administered IV to achieve a plasma concentration of 100 ng\/mL by means of target-controlled infusion, and isoflurane MAC was remeasured. Next, acepromazine maleate (0.1 mg\/kg) was administered IV, and isoflurane MAC was remeasured. Finally, isoflurane concentration was equilibrated at 70% of the baseline MAC. Movement of cats in response to tail clamping was tested before and after IV bolus administration of naltrexone. Physiologic responses were compared among treatment conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Isoflurane MAC did not differ significantly between baseline and fentanyl infusion (mean \u00b1 SD, 1.944 \u00b1 0.111% and 1.982 \u00b1 0.126%, respectively). Acepromazine with fentanyl significantly decreased isoflurane MAC to 1.002 \u00b1 0.056% of 1 atm pressure. When isoflurane was increased to 70% of the baseline MAC, no cats moved in response to tail clamping before naltrexone administration, but all cats moved after naltrexone administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Acepromazine caused fentanyl to decrease the isoflurane MAC in cats that otherwise did not exhibit altered isoflurane requirements with fentanyl alone. Results suggested that opioid-mediated increases in brain catecholamine concentrations in cats counteract the opioid MAC-sparing effect.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.5.352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T12:42:12Z","timestamp":1619527332000},"page":"352-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of whether acepromazine maleate causes fentanyl to decrease the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Brosnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno H.","family":"Pypendop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.9.1065","article-title":"Effects of remifentanil on measures of anesthetic immobility and analgesia in cats","volume":"70","author":"Brosnan RJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brosnan RJ, Pypendop BH, Siao KT,  Effects of remifentanil on measures of anesthetic immobility and analgesia in cats. 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