{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:00:29Z","timestamp":1767837629981,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess whether the combination of hyaluronan, sodium chondroitin sul-fate, and <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-acetyl-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucosamine (HCSG) lubricates articular cartilage in vitro and modulates joint lubrication in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>16 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The effects of HCSG injections on SF lubricant properties and joint health, immediately after injury and 2 weeks later, were analyzed by use an equine osteochondral fracture model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). Middle carpal joints of adult horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 surgical treatment groups as follows: normal nonsurgical group (n = 8), normal sham-surgical group (8), OA-induced surgical group with HCSG injection (8), or OA-induced surgical group with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution injection (8). Synovial fluid was aspirated periodically and analyzed for boundary lubrication function and lubricant molecules. At 17 days, joints were screened for gross pathological changes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Induction of OA led to an impairment of SF lubrication function and diminished hyaluronan concentration in a time-dependent manner following surgery, with HCSG injection lessening these effects. Certain friction coefficients approached those of unaffected normal equine SF. Induction of OA also caused synovial hemorrhage at 17 days, which was lower in joints treated with HCSG.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After induction of OA, equine SF lubricant function was impaired. Hyaluronan-sodium chondroitin sulfate\u2013<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-acetyl-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucosamine injection restored lubricant properties at certain time points and reduced pathological joint changes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.8.611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T13:52:19Z","timestamp":1627048339000},"page":"611-618","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of an articular cartilage lubrication with a viscosupplement in vitro and in vivo following osteochondral fractures in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Michele M.","family":"Temple-Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine-Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimee R.","family":"Raleigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine-Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Frisbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine-Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Wayne","family":"McIlwraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, C. 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