{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T19:37:27Z","timestamp":1780774647347,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the feasibility of ocular ultrasonography for measurement of the ratio of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) to eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) in dogs with various morphologies and to evaluate the interob-server reliability of the ONSD\/ETD ratio and its correlation with various morphological variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>45 healthy dogs of various breeds.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Height, head circumference, body weight, body condition score, intraocular pressure, and blood pressure were recorded for each dog. Unsedated dogs underwent bilateral ocular ultrasonography once. A veterinarian and board-certified ophthalmologist who were unaware of subject signalment independently reviewed the ultrasonographic videos and selected 1 image for each eye on which the ETD and ONSD were measured. The ONSD\/ ETD ratio was calculated and compared between the 2 observers. Correlations between the ONSD\/ETD ratio and various physiologic and morphological variables were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>172 ONSD\/ETD ratios were recorded. The ONSD\/ETD ratio was calculated for at least 1 eye for 44 of the 45 (98%) dogs. Mean \u00b1 SD time required to complete the ultrasonographic examination was 90 \u00b1 30 seconds (range, 15 seconds to 3 minutes). The mean \u00b1 SD ONSD\/ETD ratio was 0.17 \u00b1 0.01 (range, 0.15 to 0.20). The ONSD\/ETD ratio did not differ significantly between the left and right eyes or the 2 observers and was not correlated with any of the variables assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ocular ultrasonography was a rapid, noninvasive, and reliable method for measurement of the ONSD\/ETD ratio. The ONSD\/ETD ratio did not appear to be influenced by dog morphology.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.8.667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T13:52:19Z","timestamp":1627048339000},"page":"667-675","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship between the ratio of optic nerve sheath diameter to eyeball transverse diameter and morphological characteristics of dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Adrien","family":"Dupanloup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Osinchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Small animal critical care medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00084-2","article-title":"Intracranial hypertension","author":"Sturges BK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sturges BK, LeCouteur RA. Intracranial hypertension. In: Silverstein D, Hopper K, eds. Small animal critical care medicine. 2nd ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2015;436\u2013442.\n10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00084-2"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Small animal neurological emergencies","first-page":"363","article-title":"Head trauma","author":"Freeman C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Freeman C, Platt SR. Head trauma. In: Garosi LS, Platt SR, eds. Small animal neurological emergencies. London: Manson Publishing, 2012;363\u2013382."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0475","article-title":"Impact of intracranial hyper-tension on the short-term prognosis in dogs undergoing brain tumor surgery","volume":"81","author":"Seki S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seki S, Teshima K, Ito D,  Impact of intracranial hyper-tension on the short-term prognosis in dogs undergoing brain tumor surgery. J Vet Med Sci 2019;81:1205\u20131210.\n10.1292\/jvms.18-0475"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"73","article-title":"Current trends in the management of canine traumatic brain injury: an internet-based survey","volume":"60","author":"Evans EK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans EK, Fernandez AL. Current trends in the management of canine traumatic brain injury: an internet-based survey. Can Vet J 2019;60:73\u201379."},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4225","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4225","article-title":"Diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure in critically ill adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"366","author":"Fernando SM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W,  Diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure in critically ill adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2019;366:l4225.\n10.1136\/bmj.l4225"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Small animal neurological emergencies","first-page":"139","article-title":"Obtundation, stupor and coma","author":"Dickinson PJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dickinson PJ. Obtundation, stupor and coma. In: Garosi LS, Platt SR, editors. Small animal neurological emergencies. London: Manson Publishing, 2012;139\u2013154."},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15333","article-title":"Intracranial pressure monitoring in normal dogs using subdural and intraparenchymal miniature strain-gauge transducers","volume":"33","author":"Sturges BK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sturges BK, Dickinson PJ, Tripp LD,  Intracranial pressure monitoring in normal dogs using subdural and intraparenchymal miniature strain-gauge transducers. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:708\u2013716.\n10.1111\/jvim.15333"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.FOCUS17450","article-title":"Complications of invasive intracranial pressure monitoring devices in neurocritical care","volume":"43","author":"Tavakoli S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tavakoli S, Peitz G, Ares W,  Complications of invasive intracranial pressure monitoring devices in neurocritical care. Neurosurg Focus 2017;43:E6.\n10.3171\/2017.8.FOCUS17450"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14900","article-title":"Transcranial doppler ultrasound examination in dogs with suspected intracranial hypertension caused by neurologic diseases","volume":"32","author":"Sasaoka K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sasaoka K, Nakamura K, Osuga T,  Transcranial doppler ultrasound examination in dogs with suspected intracranial hypertension caused by neurologic diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2018;32:314\u2013323.\n10.1111\/jvim.14900"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.020","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging signs of presumed elevated intracranial pressure in dogs","volume":"201","author":"Bittermann S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bittermann S, Lang J, Henke D,  Magnetic resonance imaging signs of presumed elevated intracranial pressure in dogs. Vet J 2014;201:101\u2013108.\n10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.020"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.11.JNS182077","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasonography at admission as a predictor of intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injured patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"132","author":"Robba C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robba C, Donnelly J, Cardim D,  Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasonography at admission as a predictor of intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injured patients: a prospective observational study. J Neurosurg 2019;132:1279\u20131285.\n10.3171\/2018.11.JNS182077"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12023","article-title":"T2-Weighted magnetic resonance imaging measurements of optic nerve sheath diameter in dogs with and without presumed intracranial hypertension","volume":"54","author":"Scrivani PV","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scrivani PV, Fletcher DJ, Cooley SD,  T2-Weighted magnetic resonance imaging measurements of optic nerve sheath diameter in dogs with and without presumed intracranial hypertension. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013;54:263\u2013270.\n10.1111\/vru.12023"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.8.724","article-title":"Relationship between intracranial pressure as measured by an epidural intracranial pressure monitoring system and optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy dogs","volume":"76","author":"Ilie LA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ilie LA, Thomovsky EJ, Johnson PA,  Relationship between intracranial pressure as measured by an epidural intracranial pressure monitoring system and optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2015;76:724\u2013731.\n10.2460\/ajvr.76.8.724"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Ocular pathology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-2874-9.00013-2","article-title":"Optic nerve","author":"Yanoff M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yanoff M, Sassani JW. Optic nerve. In: Ocular pathology. 7th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2015;441\u2013465.\n10.1016\/B978-1-4557-2874-9.00013-2"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627611","article-title":"The subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerves. An ultrasound study of the optic nerve sheath","volume":"18","author":"Hansen HC","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hansen HC, Helmke K. The subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerves. An ultrasound study of the optic nerve sheath. Surg Radiol Anat 1996;18:323\u2013328.\n10.1007\/BF01627611"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12677","article-title":"Transpalpebral ultra-sonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy dogs","volume":"28","author":"Smith JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith JJ, Fletcher DJ, Cooley SD,  Transpalpebral ultra-sonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018;28:31\u201338.\n10.1111\/vec.12677"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12441","article-title":"Ocular biometry by computed tomography in different dog breeds","volume":"20","author":"Chiwitt CLH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiwitt CLH, Baines SJ, Mahoney P,  Ocular biometry by computed tomography in different dog breeds. Vet Ophthalmol 2017;20:411\u2013419.\n10.1111\/vop.12441"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00762-z","article-title":"Ratio of optic nerve sheath diameter to eyeball transverse diameter by ultrasound can predict intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury patients: a prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Du J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du J, Deng Y, Li H,  Ratio of optic nerve sheath diameter to eyeball transverse diameter by ultrasound can predict intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury patients: a prospective study. Neurocrit Care 2020;32:478\u2013485.\n10.1007\/s12028-019-00762-z"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216812","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216812","article-title":"Diagnostic tool for initial evaluation of the intracranial pressure on computed tomography in pediatric patients with headache","volume":"14","author":"Bartsikhovsky T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartsikhovsky T, Klar MM, Bekerman I,  Diagnostic tool for initial evaluation of the intracranial pressure on computed tomography in pediatric patients with headache. PLoS One 2019;14:e0216812.\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0216812"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.6.777","article-title":"Architecture of arachnoid trabeculae, pillars, and septa in the subarachnoid space of the human optic nerve: anatomy and clinical considerations","volume":"87","author":"Killer HE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Killer HE, Laeng HR, Flammer J,  Architecture of arachnoid trabeculae, pillars, and septa in the subarachnoid space of the human optic nerve: anatomy and clinical considerations. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:777\u2013781.\n10.1136\/bjo.87.6.777"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Exp Eye Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.06.002","article-title":"Histomorphometric measurements in human and dog optic nerve and an estimation of optic nerve pressure gradients in human","volume":"89","author":"Balaratnasingam C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balaratnasingam C, Morgan WH, Johnstone V,  Histomorphometric measurements in human and dog optic nerve and an estimation of optic nerve pressure gradients in human. Exp Eye Res 2009;89:618\u2013628.\n10.1016\/j.exer.2009.06.002"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006","article-title":"ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics","volume":"41","author":"Friedrichs KR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Friedrichs KR, Harr KE, Freeman KP,  ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics. Vet Clin Pathol 2012;41:441\u2013453.\n10.1111\/vcp.12006"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16173-z","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter and its association with eyeball transverse diameter in 585 healthy volunteers","volume":"7","author":"Kim DH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim DH, Jun J-S, Kim R. Ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter and its association with eyeball transverse diameter in 585 healthy volunteers. Sci Rep 2017;7:15906.\n10.1038\/s41598-017-16173-z"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1494-4","article-title":"Optic nerve ultrasound: artifacts and real images","volume":"35","author":"Copetti R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Copetti R, Cattarossi L. Optic nerve ultrasound: artifacts and real images. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:1488\u20131489.\n10.1007\/s00134-009-1494-4"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2017.06.001","article-title":"Role of serial ultrasonic optic nerve sheath diameter monitoring in head injury","volume":"63","author":"Thotakura AK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thotakura AK, Marabathina NR, Danaboyina AR,  Role of serial ultrasonic optic nerve sheath diameter monitoring in head injury. Neurochirurgie 2017;63:444\u2013448.\n10.1016\/j.neuchi.2017.06.001"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2829","article-title":"Effect of osmotherapy on optic nerve sheath diameter in patients with increased intracranial pressure","volume":"31","author":"Launey Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Launey Y, Nesseler N, Le Maguet P,  Effect of osmotherapy on optic nerve sheath diameter in patients with increased intracranial pressure. J Neurotrauma 2014;31:984\u2013988.\n10.1089\/neu.2012.2829"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Endourol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2017.0828","article-title":"Effect of mannitol on ultrasono-graphically measured optic nerve sheath diameter as a surrogate for intracranial pressure during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy with pneumoperitoneum and the Trendelenburg position","volume":"32","author":"Jun I-J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jun I-J, Kim M, Lee J,  Effect of mannitol on ultrasono-graphically measured optic nerve sheath diameter as a surrogate for intracranial pressure during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy with pneumoperitoneum and the Trendelenburg position. J Endourol 2018;32:608\u2013613.\n10.1089\/end.2017.0828"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.09.025","article-title":"Optic nerve ultrasound for the detection of elevated intracranial pressure in the hyper-tensive patient","volume":"30","author":"Roque PJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roque PJ, Wu TS, Barth L,  Optic nerve ultrasound for the detection of elevated intracranial pressure in the hyper-tensive patient. Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:1357\u20131363.\n10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.09.025"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000609","article-title":"Defining a taxonomy of intracranial hypertension: is ICP more than just a number?","volume":"32","author":"Kofke WA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kofke WA, Rajagopalan S, Ayubcha D,  Defining a taxonomy of intracranial hypertension: is ICP more than just a number? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2020;32:120\u2013131.\n10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000609"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3392-7","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath diameter on computed tomography is correlated with simultaneously measured intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (Erratum published in Intensive Care Med 2015;41:177)","volume":"40","author":"Sekhon MS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sekhon MS, Griesdale DE, Robba C,  Optic nerve sheath diameter on computed tomography is correlated with simultaneously measured intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (Erratum published in Intensive Care Med 2015;41:177). Intensive Care Med 2014;40:1267\u20131274.\n10.1007\/s00134-014-3392-7"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5305-7","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath diameter measured sonographically as non-invasive estimator of intracranial pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Robba C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robba C, Santori G, Czosnyka M,  Optic nerve sheath diameter measured sonographically as non-invasive estimator of intracranial pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2018;44:1284\u20131294.\n10.1007\/s00134-018-5305-7"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/82\/8\/ajvr.82.8.667.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/82\/8\/ajvr.82.8.667.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/82\/8\/ajvr.82.8.667.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:58:33Z","timestamp":1696539513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/82\/8\/ajvr.82.8.667.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.82.8.667","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}}}