{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:12Z","timestamp":1774690812533,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"s001\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the dose of alfaxalone for IM administration combined with dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone that would allow endoscopic-guided orotracheal intubation in rabbits without causing a decrease in respiratory rate or apnea.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s002\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>15 sexually intact (9 females and 6 males) healthy Miniature Lop rabbits weighing a mean \u00b1 SD of 2.3 \u00b1 0.3 kg and ranging in age from 4 to 9 months.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s003\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, rabbits received 0.1 mg of hydro-morphone\/kg and 0.005 mg of dexmedetomidine\/kg, plus alfaxalone at either 2 mg\/kg (5 rabbits), 5 mg\/kg (5 rabbits), or 7 mg\/kg (5 rabbits). Drugs were mixed in a single syringe and administered IM. Semiquantitative rating scales were used to evaluate quality of anesthesia and intubation. Orotracheal intubation was attempted with endoscopy and confirmed by capnography.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s004\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The number of successful intubations was 0, 3, and 4 in rabbits receiving 2, 5, and 7 mg of alfaxalone\/kg, respectively. Median (range) anesthesia quality scores (scale, 0 to 12; 12 = deepest anesthesia) were 3 (2 to 5), 6 (5 to 6), and 6 (4 to 9) for rabbits receiving 2, 5, and 7 mg of alfaxalone\/kg, respectively. The median (range) intubation quality scores (scale, 0 to 3 [ie, intubation not possible to easiest intubation]) were 0 (0 to 0), 2 (0 to 3), and 2 (0 to 3) for rabbits receiving 2, 5, and 7 mg of alfaxalone\/kg, respectively. None of the rabbits experienced a decrease in respiratory rate or apnea.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"s005\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Increasing doses of alfaxalone combined with hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine increased the success rate of endoscopic-guided orotracheal intubation. Increasing the dose of alfaxalone had no effect on respiratory rate.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.20.07.0402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T13:40:49Z","timestamp":1636033249000},"page":"1148-1153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of intramuscular administration of three doses of alfaxalone combined with hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine for endoscopic-guided orotracheal intubation in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"259","author":[{"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Reabel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Queiroz-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara E.","family":"Hampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier G.","family":"Nevarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"R1","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00397.x","article-title":"The risk of death: the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities","volume":"35","author":"Brodbelt DC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brodbelt DC, Blissitt KJ, Hammond RA,  The risk of death: the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities. 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