{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T21:44:00Z","timestamp":1782596640715,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine sedative and cardiorespiratory\neffects of IM administration of medetomidine\nalone and in combination with butorphanol or ketamine\nin dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Randomized, crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy adult dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were given medetomidine alone\n(30 \u00b5g\/kg [13.6 \u00b5g\/lb] of body weight, IM), a combination\nof medetomidine (30 \u00b5g\/kg, IM) and butorphanol\n(0.2 mg\/kg [0.09 mg\/lb], IM), or a combination of\nmedetomidine (30 \u00b5g\/kg, IM) and ketamine (3 mg\/kg\n[1.36 mg\/lb], IM). Treatments were administered in random\norder with a minimum of 1 week between treatments.\nGlycopyrrolate was given at the same time.\nAtipamezole (150 \u00b5g\/kg [68 \u00b5g\/lb], IM) was given 40\nminutes after administration of medetomidine.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All but 1 dog (given medetomidine alone)\nassumed lateral recumbency within 6 minutes after\ndrug administration. Endotracheal intubation was significantly\nmore difficult when dogs were given\nmedetomidine alone than when given medetomidine\nand butorphanol. At all evaluation times, percentages\nof dogs with positive responses to tail clamping or to\nneedle pricks in the cervical region, shoulder region,\nabdominal region, or hindquarters were not significantly\ndifferent among drug treatments. The PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\nwas significantly higher and the arterial pH and PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\nwere significantly lower when dogs were given\nmedetomidine and butorphanol or medetomidine and\nketamine than when they were given medetomidine\nalone. Recovery quality following atipamezole administration\nwas unsatisfactory in 1 dog when given\nmedetomidine and ketamine.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested\nthat a combination of medetomidine with\nbutorphanol or ketamine resulted in more reliable and\nuniform sedation in dogs than did medetomidine\nalone. (<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2000;216:1578\u20131583)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:41:07Z","timestamp":1133890867000},"page":"1578-1583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-butorphanol, and medetomidine-ketamine in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Jeff C. 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