{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:49:29Z","timestamp":1775742569991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the distribution of lesions\nand extent of tissues infected with <jats:italic>Mycobacterium\nbovis<\/jats:italic> in a captive population of white-tailed deer.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014116 captive white-tailed deer.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Deer were euthanatized, and postmortem\nexaminations were performed. Tissues with\ngross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were collected\nfor microscopic analysis and bacteriologic culture.\nTissues from the head, thorax, and abdomen of deer\nwith no gross lesions were pooled for bacteriologic\nculture. Tonsillar, nasal, oral, and rectal swab specimens,\nfecal samples, and samples of hay and pelleted\nfeed, soil around feeding sites, and water from 2 natural\nponds were collected for bacteriologic culture.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic> was isolated from 14\nof 116 (12%) deer; however, only 9 of 14 had lesions\nconsistent with tuberculosis. Most commonly affected\ntissues included the medial retropharyngeal lymph\nnode and lung. Five of 14 tuberculous deer had no\ngross lesions; however, <jats:italic>M bovis<\/jats:italic> was isolated from\npooled tissue specimens from the heads of each of\nthese deer. Bacteriologic culture of tonsillar swab specimens\nfrom 2 of the infected deer yielded <jats:italic>M bovis<\/jats:italic>.\nMean (\u00b1 SEM) age of tuberculous deer was 2.5 \u00b1 0.3\nyears (range, 0.5 to 6 years). <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic> was\nnot isolated from feed, soil, water, or fecal samples.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Examination of\nhunter-killed white-tailed deer for tuberculosis commonly\nincludes only the lymph nodes of the head.\nResults of such examinations may underestimate disease\nprevalence by as much as 57%. Such discrepancy\nshould be considered when estimating disease prevalence.\n(<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2000;216:1921\u20131924)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:41:34Z","timestamp":1133890894000},"page":"1921-1924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Naturally occurring tuberculosis in white-tailed deer"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Mitchell V.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Whipple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet B.","family":"Payeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen S.","family":"Bruning-Fann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Kaneene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.4.749","volume":"33","author":"Schmitt SM","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_2_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.3.432","volume":"31","author":"Rhyan JC","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_3_97","first-page":"118","volume":"10","author":"Friend M","year":"1963","journal-title":"NY Fish Game J"},{"key":"p_4_98","first-page":"264","volume":"24","author":"Levine PP","year":"1934","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"p_5_99","first-page":"356","volume":"3","author":"Belli LB","year":"1962","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"p_6_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.15.1.911","volume":"15","author":"Hunter DL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epizoot"},{"key":"p_7_101","first-page":"230","volume":"202","author":"The","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_8_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2307\/3796089","volume":"13","author":"Severinghaus CW","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"p_9_103","first-page":"233","author":"Sheehan DC","year":"1980","journal-title":"St Louis: CV Mosby Co"},{"key":"p_10_104","unstructured":"Payeur JB, Jarnagin JL, Marquardt JG. 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