{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:56:57Z","timestamp":1791313017784,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize serologic and clinical features\nand outcome of dogs with leptospirosis that\nwere treated conservatively (ie, medical management\nalone) or with hemodialysis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold> Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201436 dogs with leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014History; results of physical examinations,\nultrasonography, and serologic, hematologic,\nand serum biochemical analyses; time to resolution of\nazotemia; and outcome were obtained from medical\nrecords. Dogs were treated conservatively (n = 22) or\nwith hemodialysis (14).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Between 1990 and 1998, amount of rainfall\nwas positively correlated with number of cases of leptospirosis\nidentified per year. Serum antibodies\nagainst 6 <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> serovars were measured, and\ntiters were highest to <jats:italic>Leptospira pomonain<\/jats:italic> 16 (44%)\ndogs, <jats:italic>L bratislava<\/jats:italic> in 9 (25%) dogs, and <jats:italic>L hardjo<\/jats:italic> in 1\n(3%) dog. Eight (22%) dogs had equally high titers to\n<jats:italic>L pomona<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L bratislava<\/jats:italic>, 1 (3%) had equally high\ntiters to <jats:italic>L grippotyphosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L canicola<\/jats:italic>, and 1 (3%)\nhad high titers to <jats:italic>L grippotyphosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L pomona<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L canicola<\/jats:italic>,\nand <jats:italic>L bratislava<\/jats:italic>. During initial evaluation, all dogs\nwere azotemic. Thirty (83%) dogs survived, including\n12 of 14 (86%) dogs treated with hemodialysis and 18\nof 22 (82%) treated conservatively. Serum creatinine\nconcentration was similar in both groups after resolution\nof clinical signs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Infection with\n<jats:italic>L pomona<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L bratislava<\/jats:italic> was recognized as a cause\nof leptospirosis in dogs, and resulted in development\nof acute renal failure with various degrees of\nazotemia. Prognosis for dogs with mild to moderate\nazotemia was good with conservative treatment,\nwhereas treatment with hemodialysis appeared to\nimprove prognosis for dogs with severe azotemia. (<jats:italic>J\nAm Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2000;216:371\u2013375)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:35:55Z","timestamp":1133890555000},"page":"371-375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Treatment and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis: 36 cases (1990\u20131998)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Adin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry D.","family":"Cowgill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_144","first-page":"245","author":"Torten M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fla: CRC Press Inc"},{"key":"p_2_145","first-page":"498","author":"Greene CE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Philadelphia: WB Saunders 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