{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:17:27Z","timestamp":1761707847515,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine prevalence of Holstein bulls\nwith chromosomal anomalies, particularly the 1\/21\ncentric fusion (CF), at a commercial artificial insemination\n(AI) company in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional cytogenetic prevalence\nstudy.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014All 606 Holstein bulls at a commercial AI\ncompany were cytogenetically screened to detect CF,\nchimerism, and other chromosomal abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Lymphocytes from heparinized blood\nsamples were cultured by standard cytogenetic techniques,\nand chromosome spreads were prepared for\nmicroscopic examination. Chromosomal abnormalities\nwere detected by examining 10 chromosome\nspreads per bull. Pedigree analysis was performed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014None of the bulls had any type of CF.\nHowever, 6 bulls were identified as chimeras (ie, contained\nlymphocytes with male [XY] and female [XX]\nchromosomes). One bull was sire or maternal grandsire\nto 85 of the bulls tested, and 739 of 1,212 (61%)\nsire and maternal-grandsire possibilities were\naccounted for by just 18 bulls.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Analysis of\nthese results supports previous indications that CF is\nextremely rare in Holstein bloodlines available commercially\nvia AI in the United States. However,\nchimeric bulls are more common, and they reportedly\nhave decreased reproductive performance.\nTherefore, identification of chimeric sires in the AI\nfacility reported here and the possibility of de novo\nonset of CF at any time indicates that early cytogenetic\nscreening should be encouraged for prospective\nbulls intended for use in AI programs. 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