{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:02:19Z","timestamp":1791176539091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the extent of leptospirosis\nin persons exposed to infected swine, confirm the\nsource of disease, define risk factors for infection,\nand identify means for preventing additional infections\nduring an outbreak in Missouri in 1998.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014240 people and 1,700 pigs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014An epidemiologic investigation was conducted\nof people exposed to infected pigs from the\nUniversity of Missouri-Columbia swine herd. The investigation\nincluded review of health of the pigs, a crosssectional\nstudy of the people handling the pigs, serologic\ntesting of human and porcine sera, and risk-factor\nanalysis for leptospirosis within the human population.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Serologic testing of samples collected at the\ntime of the investigation indicated that 59% of the pigs\nhad titers to leptospires, denoting exposure. Of the\n240 people in the exposed study population, 163 (68%)\nwere interviewed, and of these, 110 (67%) submitted a\nblood sample. Nine (8%) cases of leptospirosis were\nconfirmed by serologic testing. Risk factors associated\nwith leptospirosis included smoking (odds ratio [OR],\n14.4; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.39 to 137.74) and\ndrinking beverages (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.04 to 24.30)\nwhile working with infected pigs. Washing hands after\nwork was protective (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.81).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Leptospirosis\nis a risk for swine producers and slaughterhouse\nworkers, and may be prevented through appropriate\nhygiene, sanitation, and animal husbandry. It is essential\nto educate people working with animals or animal\ntissues about measures for reducing the risk of exposure\nto zoonotic pathogens. 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