{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T06:52:08Z","timestamp":1760079128598,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tObjective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize hypernatremia in neonatal\nelk calves, including clinical signs, incidence, physical\nexamination findings, and possible causes.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDesign<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAnimals<\/jats:bold>\u201426 neonatal elk calves were examined; 4\ncalves were evaluated twice, for a total of 30 examinations.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tProcedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records were reviewed for signalment,\nhistory, physical examination findings,\nresults of diagnostic tests, and response to treatment.\nHypernatremia was defined as serum sodium\nconcentration > 153 mEq\/L.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tResults<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hypernatremia was diagnosed in 14 calves\nand was significantly associated with diarrhea, high\nWBC count, high anion gap, and high serum concentrations\nof albumin, chloride, creatinine, and urea.\nHypernatremia was not significantly associated with\nsurvival, but high serum albumin concentration and\nrectal temperature were significantly associated with\nsurvival of calves. Animals given antibiotics and electrolyte\nsolutions orally prior to evaluation were significantly\nmore likely to die than those untreated.\nDehydration was a common reason for evaluation but\nwas not significantly associated with survival.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tConclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hypernatremia\nwas significantly associated with diarrhea.\nTreatment of diarrheic elk calves is often the same as\nthat used in bovine calves with diarrhea; however,\nbovine calves are commonly hypo- or normonatremic.\nOur experience suggests that treatment protocols\nused in bovine calves are unsatisfactory for elk calves.\nThe rate at which serum sodium concentration is\nreduced should be < 1.7 mEq Na\/L\/h to avoid development\nof neurologic signs associated with iatrogenically\ninduced cerebral edema. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2000;216:68\u201370)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.68","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1133889979000},"page":"68-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves: 30 cases (1988\u20131998)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"James L.","family":"Carmalt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith E.","family":"Baptiste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Naylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_182","unstructured":"Haigh JC, Thorleifson I. The farming of deer in Canada, in Proceedings. 2nd World Deer Farm Cong 1998;27-31."},{"key":"p_2_183","first-page":"241","author":"Haigh JC","year":"1993","journal-title":"St Louis: Mosby Year Book Inc"},{"key":"p_3_184","first-page":"392","volume":"187","author":"Kasari TR","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_4_185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(92)90337-2"},{"key":"p_5_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62194-6","volume":"65","author":"Moder KG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"p_6_187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(97)90082-6"},{"key":"p_7_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-2-199601150-00002","volume":"124","author":"Palevsky PM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"p_8_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1997.tb00986.x","volume":"33","author":"Dunn K","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Child Health"},{"key":"p_9_190","first-page":"147","volume":"152","author":"Schaer M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Contin Educ Massey Univ"},{"key":"p_10_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199009273231307","volume":"323","author":"Avery ME","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"p_11_192","unstructured":"Fraser CM, Bergeron JA, Mays A, etal, eds. The Merck veterinary manual. 7th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co Inc, 1991;972."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/216\/1\/javma.2000.216.68.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/216\/1\/javma.2000.216.68.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/216\/1\/javma.2000.216.68.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:01:33Z","timestamp":1741356093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/216\/1\/javma.2000.216.68.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2000.216.68","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]}}}