{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:30:33Z","timestamp":1780641033927,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects\nof immobilizing doses of xylazine-ketamine (XK),\nmedetomidine-ketamine (MK), medetomidine-ketamine-\nacepromazine (MKA), and medetomidine-butorphanol-\nketamine (MBK) in captive red wolves.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201432 adult captive red wolves.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Wolves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4\ntreatment groups: XK, MK, MKA, or MBK. Physiologic\nvariables measured included heart rate, blood pressure,\nrespiratory rate, tidal volume, oxygen-hemoglobin\nsaturation (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, arterial blood gases,\nand rectal temperature. Induction time, muscle relaxation,\nand quality of recovery were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Heart rates were lower in wolves in the MBK\ngroup than for the other groups. All 4 drug combinations\ninduced considerable hypertension, with diastolic\npressures exceeding 116 mm Hg. Blood pressure was\nlowest in wolves receiving the MBK combination.\nRespiratory rate was significantly higher in wolves\nreceiving XK, MK, and MKA. Tidal volumes were similar\nfor all groups. Wolves receiving XK, MK, and MKA\nwere well-oxygenated throughout the procedure (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n&gt; 93%), whereas those receiving MBK were moderately\nhypoxemic (87% &lt; SpO2 &lt; 93%) during the first\n20 minutes of the procedure. Hyperthermia was\ndetected initially following induction in all groups.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-\nadrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations provide\nrapid reversible anesthesia for red wolves but cause\nsevere sustained hypertension. Such an adverse\neffect puts animals at risk for development of cerebral\nencephalopathy, retinal hemorrhage, pulmonary\nedema, and myocardial failure. Although the MBK\ncombination offers some advantages over the others,\nit is advised that further protocol refinements be\nmade to minimize risks associated with acute hypertension.\n(<jats:italic>J Am Vet Med Assoc<\/jats:italic> 2000;217:1366\u20131371)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.1366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:43:57Z","timestamp":1133891037000},"page":"1366-1371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cardiorespiratory effects of four \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Kurt K.","family":"Sladky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Loomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Stoskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_288","first-page":"12","author":"Nowak RM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wolves of America Conference"},{"key":"p_2_289","first-page":"1163","volume":"173","author":"Philo LM","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_3_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-22.3.397","volume":"22","author":"Kreeger TJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_4_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.3.463","volume":"23","author":"Kreeger TJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_5_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.4.689","volume":"24","author":"Kreeger TJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_6_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-25.1.89","volume":"25","author":"Kreeger TJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_7_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.4.561","volume":"26","author":"Kreeger TJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_8_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.1.90","volume":"26","author":"Kreeger TJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_9_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547578","volume":"31","author":"Jalanka HH","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"p_10_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-27.2.225","volume":"27","author":"Van Heerden J","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_11_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.1.119","volume":"30","author":"Vila C","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_12_299","first-page":"209","volume":"25","author":"Holz P","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"p_13_300","first-page":"507","volume":"27","author":"Kreeger TJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"p_14_301","first-page":"147","volume":"32","author":"Sillero-Zubiri C","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"p_15_302","first-page":"528","volume":"27","author":"Osofsky SA","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"p_16_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00664.x","volume":"12","author":"Vainio O","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"p_17_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80005-4","volume":"152","author":"Cullen LK","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"p_18_305","unstructured":"Short CE. 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