{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T18:18:28Z","timestamp":1792433908070,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To identify non-dietary risk factors for\ngastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in large breed and\ngiant breed dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20141,637 dogs \u2265 6 months old of the following\nbreeds: Akita, Bloodhound, Collie, Great Dane, Irish\nSetter, Irish Wolfhound, Newfoundland, Rottweiler,\nSaint Bernard, Standard Poodle, and Weimaraner.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Owners of dogs that did not have a history\nof GDV were recruited at dog shows, and the\ndog's length and height and the depth and width of\nits thorax and abdomen were measured. Information\nconcerning the dog's medical history, genetic background,\npersonality, and diet was obtained from the\nowners, and owners were contacted by mail and\ntelephone at approximately 1-year intervals to determine\nwhether dogs had developed GDV or died.\nIncidence of GDV, calculated on the basis of dogyears\nat risk for dogs that were or were not exposed\nto potential risk factors, was used to calculate the relative\nrisk of GDV.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cumulative incidence\nof GDV during the study was 6% for large\nbreed and giant breed dogs. Factors significantly\nassociated with an increased risk of GDV were\nincreasing age, having a first-degree relative with a\nhistory of GDV, having a faster speed of eating, and\nhaving a raised feeding bowl. Approximately 20 and\n52% of cases of GDV among the large breed and\ngiant breed dogs, respectively, were attributed to\nhaving a raised feed bowl. 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