{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:40:08Z","timestamp":1793814008725,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize risk factors, clinical findings,\nusefulness of diagnostic tests, and prognosis in\ncats with naturally occurring heartworm infection (HWI).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201450 cats with <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records, thoracic radiographs,\nand echocardiograms were reviewed and findings\ncompared with appropriate reference populations.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Findings suggested that male cats were\nnot predisposed to HWI, domestic shorthair cats\nwere at increased risk, and indoor housing was only\npartially protective. Fewer cases of HWI were identified\nin the final quarter of the year, compared with\nother periods, and prevalence is not apparently\nincreasing. Signs of respiratory tract disease were\nmost common, followed by vomiting. Infection was\ndiagnosed incidentally in &gt; 25% of cats; conversely,\n10% of infected cats died suddenly without other\nclinical signs. Serologic tests were most useful for\ndiagnosis, followed by radiography and echocardiography.\nEosinophilia supported the diagnosis.\nOverall median survival time was 1.5 years but\nexceeded 4 years in cats surviving beyond the day\nof diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Sex does not\nappear to be a risk factor for HWI in cats, and indoor\nhousing provides only incomplete protection. Signs\nof respiratory tract disease (dyspnea and cough) are\nthe strongest indicators of HWI in cats, and some\nradiographic evidence of infection is detected in\nmost cases. Antibody screening for HWI in cats is\nefficacious, and antigen testing and echocardiography\nare most useful for making a definitive antemortem\ndiagnosis. 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