{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:18:00Z","timestamp":1785863880360,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate anesthetic effects of 4 drug\ncombinations used for total intravenous anesthesia of\nhorses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal\ntestis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201432 healthy cryptorchid horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Horses were sedated with xylazine and\nbutorphanol and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4\ngroups: induction of anesthesia with ketamine and\ndiazepam and maintenance with bolus administration\nof ketamine and xylazine (KD\/KX); induction and maintenance\nof anesthesia with bolus administration of\ntiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and detomidine\n(TKD); induction and maintenance of anesthesia with\ncontinuous infusion of xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine;\nand induction and maintenance of anesthesia\nwith continuous infusion of guaifenesin and thiopental.\nHorses that moved 3 consecutive times in\nresponse to surgical stimulation or for which surgery\ntime was &gt; 60 minutes were administered an inhalant\nanesthetic, and data from these horses were excluded\nfrom analysis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Quality of induction was not significantly\ndifferent among groups. Muscle relaxation and analgesia\nscores were lowest for horses given KD\/KX, but\nsignificant differences among groups were not\ndetected. Horses anesthetized with TKD had a significantly\ngreater number of attempts to stand, compared\nwith the other groups, and mean quality of\nrecovery from anesthesia for horses in the TKD group\nwas significantly worse than for the other groups.\nAnesthesia, surgery, and recovery times were not significantly\ndifferent among groups.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest\nthat all 4 drug combinations can be used to\ninduce short-term anesthesia for abdominal cryptorchidectomy\nin horses. However, horses receiving\nTKD had a poorer recovery from anesthesia, often\nrequiring assistance to stand. 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